2026
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Report on the results achieved by the project in the application of the proposed modeling and evaluation methods to the considered case studies
Basile Davide, Ter Beek Maurice, Carnevali Laura, Chiaradonna Silvano, Di Giandomenico Felicita, Fantechi Alessandro, Gori Gloria, Zecchi Jacopo
ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims at developing innovative solutions for the evaluation of complex railway systems. Using Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methods and multi-paradigm or multi-formalism approaches to help create bridges between different abstraction levels, the project focuses on the following objectives: 1) qualitative evaluation of safety of complex distributed railway systems, by means of diverse techniques such as compositional model checking, synthesis of specifications given as behavioral interfaces, and tool support for relating specifications with implementations; 2) quantitative evaluation of dependability attributes in spite of failures, in particular considering communication failures, through quantitative modeling and evaluation of the timed failure logic of the system; 3) quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between energy efficiency and availability/performance, considering different smart policies for energy savings and taking into account failures, criticalities, and priorities of the system under analysis. The developed solutions have been experimented and validated by their application to different case studies, that are considered as representative of the innovation trends in railways, namely decentralized interlocking systems, standard interfaces and smart deicing systems. This deliverable reports the results of the application of the techniques that have been identified in the previous work [1] to the case studies. Specifically, Chapter 2 discusses the application of compositional methods for interlocking verification and the application of interfaces for testing the adequacy of the abstraction level; Chapter 3 addresses the application of methods for the quantitative evaluation of dependability to railway case studies; and Chapter 4 illustrates the application of methods for the quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between dependability properties and energy consumption to railway switch heater anti-icing systems.Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
Basile Davide, Ter Beek Maurice, Carnevali Laura, Chiaradonna Silvano, Di Giandomenico Felicita, Fantechi Alessandro, Gori Gloria, Zecchi Jacopo
ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims at developing innovative solutions for the evaluation of complex railway systems. Using Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methods and multi-paradigm or multi-formalism approaches to help create bridges between different abstraction levels, the project focuses on the following objectives: 1) qualitative evaluation of safety of complex distributed railway systems, by means of diverse techniques such as compositional model checking, synthesis of specifications given as behavioral interfaces, and tool support for relating specifications with implementations; 2) quantitative evaluation of dependability attributes in spite of failures, in particular considering communication failures, through quantitative modeling and evaluation of the timed failure logic of the system; 3) quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between energy efficiency and availability/performance, considering different smart policies for energy savings and taking into account failures, criticalities, and priorities of the system under analysis. The developed solutions have been experimented and validated by their application to different case studies, that are considered as representative of the innovation trends in railways, namely decentralized interlocking systems, standard interfaces and smart deicing systems. This deliverable reports the results of the application of the techniques that have been identified in the previous work [1] to the case studies. Specifically, Chapter 2 discusses the application of compositional methods for interlocking verification and the application of interfaces for testing the adequacy of the abstraction level; Chapter 3 addresses the application of methods for the quantitative evaluation of dependability to railway case studies; and Chapter 4 illustrates the application of methods for the quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between dependability properties and energy consumption to railway switch heater anti-icing systems.Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
2026
Journal article
Open Access
Advanced definition and analysis of anti-icing methods to balance energy usage and dependability in railways
Chiaradonna Silvano, Di Giandomenico Felicita, Masetti Giulio
Aiming at promoting intelligent railway systems, this paper proposes advancements in the efficient management of heater-based anti-icing systems for railroad switches. The goal is to reduce energy consumption while ensuring reliable performance. The main novel contributions comprise both a richer set of software policies for an efficient anti-icing system management by looking at the overall lifetime of the anti-icing system, where normal operating conditions alternate to periods where failures may be experienced, and a more realistic representation of weather conditions by removing some simplifying assumptions. An advanced stochastic modeling framework supports the novel extensions, and allows for the assessment and comparison of a comprehensive range of heating policies in terms of energy and dependability-related indicators, as demonstrated by an extensive analysis campaign performed in a variety of weather scenarios. Given its generality, both in terms of weather profiles and weather-based switch heating policies (in principle, even beyond those developed in the paper) that it can manage, the proposed framework positions itself as a powerful support for railway companies in selecting policies that achieve an appropriate balance between energy consumption and dependability.Source: IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, vol. 7, pp. 847-861
DOI: 10.1109/ojits.2026.3673471
DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2025/014
Metrics:
Chiaradonna Silvano, Di Giandomenico Felicita, Masetti Giulio
Aiming at promoting intelligent railway systems, this paper proposes advancements in the efficient management of heater-based anti-icing systems for railroad switches. The goal is to reduce energy consumption while ensuring reliable performance. The main novel contributions comprise both a richer set of software policies for an efficient anti-icing system management by looking at the overall lifetime of the anti-icing system, where normal operating conditions alternate to periods where failures may be experienced, and a more realistic representation of weather conditions by removing some simplifying assumptions. An advanced stochastic modeling framework supports the novel extensions, and allows for the assessment and comparison of a comprehensive range of heating policies in terms of energy and dependability-related indicators, as demonstrated by an extensive analysis campaign performed in a variety of weather scenarios. Given its generality, both in terms of weather profiles and weather-based switch heating policies (in principle, even beyond those developed in the paper) that it can manage, the proposed framework positions itself as a powerful support for railway companies in selecting policies that achieve an appropriate balance between energy consumption and dependability.Source: IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, vol. 7, pp. 847-861
DOI: 10.1109/ojits.2026.3673471
DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2025/014
Metrics:
See at:
IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 
| CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | mEDRA 
| CNR IRIS
2025
Other
Open Access
ISTI-day 2025 Proceedings
Del Corso G., Pedrotti A., Federico G., Gennaro C., Carrara F., Amato G., Di Benedetto M., Gabrielli E., Belli D., Matrullo Zoe, Miori V., Tolomei Gabriele, Waheed T., Marchetti E., Calabrò Antonello., Rossetti G., Stella Massimo, Cazabet Rémy, Abramski K., Cau E., Citraro S., Failla A., Mesina V., Morini V., Pansanella V., Colantonio S., Germanese D., Pascali M. A., Bianchi L., Messina N., Falchi F., Barsellotti L., Pacini G., Cassese M., Puccetti G., Esuli A., Volpi L., Moreo Alejandro, Sebastiani F., Sperduti G., Nguyen Dong, Broccia G., Ter Beek M. H., Ferrari A., Massink M., Belmonte Gina, Ciancia V., Papini O., Canapa G., Catricalà B., Manca M., Paternò F., Santoro C., Zedda E., Gallo S., Maenza S., Mattioli A., Simeoli L., Rucci D., Carlini E., Dazzi P., Kavalionak H., Mordacchini M., Rulli C., Muntean Cristina Ioana, Nardini F. M., Perego R., Rocchietti G., Lettich F., Renso C., Pugliese C., Casini G., Haldimann Jonas, Meyer Thomas, Assante M., Candela L., Dell'Amico A., Frosini L., Mangiacrapa F., Oliviero A., Pagano P., Panichi G., Peccerillo B., Procaccini M., Mannocci A., Manghi P., Lonetti F., Kang Dongjae, Di Giandomenico F., Jee Eunkyoung, Lazzini G., Conti F., Scopigno R., D'Acunto M., Moroni D., Cafiso M., Paradisi P., Callieri M., Pavoni G., Corsini M., De Falco A., Sala F., Saraceni Q., Gattiglia Gabriele
ISTI-Day is an annual information and networking event organized by the Institute of Information Science and Technologies "A. Faedo" (ISTI) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). This event features an opening talk of the Director of the Dept. DIITET (Emilio F. Campana) as well as an overview of the Institute's activities presented by the ISTI Director (Roberto Scopigno). Those institutional segments are complemented by dedicated presentations and round tables featuring former staff members, as well as internal and external collaborators. To foster a network of knowledge and collaboration among newcomers, the 2025 ISTI Day edition also includes a large poster session that provides a comprehensive overview of current research activities. Each of the 13 laboratories contributes 1–3 posters, highlighting the most innovative work and offering early-career researchers a platform for discussion. Thus these proceedings include the posters selected for ISTI-Day 2025, reflecting the diverse and innovative nature of the Institute's research.
Del Corso G., Pedrotti A., Federico G., Gennaro C., Carrara F., Amato G., Di Benedetto M., Gabrielli E., Belli D., Matrullo Zoe, Miori V., Tolomei Gabriele, Waheed T., Marchetti E., Calabrò Antonello., Rossetti G., Stella Massimo, Cazabet Rémy, Abramski K., Cau E., Citraro S., Failla A., Mesina V., Morini V., Pansanella V., Colantonio S., Germanese D., Pascali M. A., Bianchi L., Messina N., Falchi F., Barsellotti L., Pacini G., Cassese M., Puccetti G., Esuli A., Volpi L., Moreo Alejandro, Sebastiani F., Sperduti G., Nguyen Dong, Broccia G., Ter Beek M. H., Ferrari A., Massink M., Belmonte Gina, Ciancia V., Papini O., Canapa G., Catricalà B., Manca M., Paternò F., Santoro C., Zedda E., Gallo S., Maenza S., Mattioli A., Simeoli L., Rucci D., Carlini E., Dazzi P., Kavalionak H., Mordacchini M., Rulli C., Muntean Cristina Ioana, Nardini F. M., Perego R., Rocchietti G., Lettich F., Renso C., Pugliese C., Casini G., Haldimann Jonas, Meyer Thomas, Assante M., Candela L., Dell'Amico A., Frosini L., Mangiacrapa F., Oliviero A., Pagano P., Panichi G., Peccerillo B., Procaccini M., Mannocci A., Manghi P., Lonetti F., Kang Dongjae, Di Giandomenico F., Jee Eunkyoung, Lazzini G., Conti F., Scopigno R., D'Acunto M., Moroni D., Cafiso M., Paradisi P., Callieri M., Pavoni G., Corsini M., De Falco A., Sala F., Saraceni Q., Gattiglia Gabriele
ISTI-Day is an annual information and networking event organized by the Institute of Information Science and Technologies "A. Faedo" (ISTI) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). This event features an opening talk of the Director of the Dept. DIITET (Emilio F. Campana) as well as an overview of the Institute's activities presented by the ISTI Director (Roberto Scopigno). Those institutional segments are complemented by dedicated presentations and round tables featuring former staff members, as well as internal and external collaborators. To foster a network of knowledge and collaboration among newcomers, the 2025 ISTI Day edition also includes a large poster session that provides a comprehensive overview of current research activities. Each of the 13 laboratories contributes 1–3 posters, highlighting the most innovative work and offering early-career researchers a platform for discussion. Thus these proceedings include the posters selected for ISTI-Day 2025, reflecting the diverse and innovative nature of the Institute's research.
See at:
CNR IRIS | www.isti.cnr.it | CNR IRIS
2025
Journal article
Open Access
Using metamorphic relations in redundancy-based fault/intrusion tolerance
Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G., Lonetti F., Bertolino A.
Redundancy is widely used as a method for fault and intrusion tolerance. However, if the redundant components lack sufficient diversity, potentially dangerous common mode failures may go undetected. To address this issue, the design diversity approach has been proposed in the literature for decades. In this paper, we take an innovative approach to this problem by introducing a broader notion of diversity, which leverages Metamorphic Relations (MRs), i.e., necessary properties that must hold among diverse inputs and diverse outputs. We define two generic categories of MRs that establish data diversity and functional diversity. Furthermore, we elaborate on two corresponding logical architectures, paying particular attention to the necessary conditions for the adjudicator component. Finally, we present an initial evaluation of the proposed architectures, which points out the advantages with respect to their counterparts based on the traditional design diversity method, and discuss future research directions for this novel conceptual approach to redundancy-based fault/intrusion tolerance.Source: ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY
DOI: 10.1145/3772722
Metrics:
Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G., Lonetti F., Bertolino A.
Redundancy is widely used as a method for fault and intrusion tolerance. However, if the redundant components lack sufficient diversity, potentially dangerous common mode failures may go undetected. To address this issue, the design diversity approach has been proposed in the literature for decades. In this paper, we take an innovative approach to this problem by introducing a broader notion of diversity, which leverages Metamorphic Relations (MRs), i.e., necessary properties that must hold among diverse inputs and diverse outputs. We define two generic categories of MRs that establish data diversity and functional diversity. Furthermore, we elaborate on two corresponding logical architectures, paying particular attention to the necessary conditions for the adjudicator component. Finally, we present an initial evaluation of the proposed architectures, which points out the advantages with respect to their counterparts based on the traditional design diversity method, and discuss future research directions for this novel conceptual approach to redundancy-based fault/intrusion tolerance.Source: ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY
DOI: 10.1145/3772722
Metrics:
See at:
dl.acm.org | CNR IRIS | ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology | CNR IRIS
2025
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CN MOST SP4 D1.3.5: Report on assessed methods and models for resilient and sustainable railway infrastructures
D’acierno L., De Matteis L., Basile D., Ter Beek M., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Gregori M., Furini F, D’alfonso T, Matteucci G., Barbaro M., Collina A., Team Of Ferrovie Nord, Team Of Almaviva
This deliverable contains a description of the technical work carried out in Task 1.3 (Resilient and sustainable railway infrastructure) of WP1 (Increase in capacity of railway transport) within Spoke 4 (Rail Transport) of the Italian National Centre for Sustainable Mobility (CN-MOST). In particular, the document presents the work carried out by UNINA, CNR, UNIROMA1, POLIMI, FN and ALMAVIVA concerning the assessed methods and models for resilient and sustainable railway infrastructures.Project(s): CN MOST (National Sustainable Mobility Centre) Spoke 4: Rail Transportation
D’acierno L., De Matteis L., Basile D., Ter Beek M., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Gregori M., Furini F, D’alfonso T, Matteucci G., Barbaro M., Collina A., Team Of Ferrovie Nord, Team Of Almaviva
This deliverable contains a description of the technical work carried out in Task 1.3 (Resilient and sustainable railway infrastructure) of WP1 (Increase in capacity of railway transport) within Spoke 4 (Rail Transport) of the Italian National Centre for Sustainable Mobility (CN-MOST). In particular, the document presents the work carried out by UNINA, CNR, UNIROMA1, POLIMI, FN and ALMAVIVA concerning the assessed methods and models for resilient and sustainable railway infrastructures.Project(s): CN MOST (National Sustainable Mobility Centre) Spoke 4: Rail Transportation
2025
Journal article
Open Access
Quantitative dependability evaluation of train control systems in presence of uncertainty: a systematic literature review
Carnevali L., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gnesi S., Gori G.
Technological advances in modern Train Control Systems (TCSs) promise to improve dependability of railway transportation in terms of safety, availability, and capacity, notably by employing novel distancing policies such as Moving Block (MB) signaling and Virtual Coupling (VC), fueled by advanced train localization methods such as satellite positioning. At the same time, these technological advances raise notable concerns about the effects that uncertainty in critical TCS parameters (such as train position and speed) may have on dependability-related attributes. Recently, various approaches have been proposed to characterize such effects through quantitative measures, leveraging formal stochastic modeling and evaluation of the TCS behavior. In this paper, we illustrate the results of a systematic review of the literature on quantitative evaluation of dependability-related attributes of TCSs under uncertainty on vital parameters. Specifically, we have finally selected 42 relevant papers, published between 2011 and 2023, that succeed in giving, through an empirical perspective and classification, a comprehensive view of current research and practice in quantitative dependability assessment of TCSs.Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, vol. 26 (issue 4), pp. 4298-4314
DOI: 10.1109/tits.2025.3530112
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
Metrics:
Carnevali L., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gnesi S., Gori G.
Technological advances in modern Train Control Systems (TCSs) promise to improve dependability of railway transportation in terms of safety, availability, and capacity, notably by employing novel distancing policies such as Moving Block (MB) signaling and Virtual Coupling (VC), fueled by advanced train localization methods such as satellite positioning. At the same time, these technological advances raise notable concerns about the effects that uncertainty in critical TCS parameters (such as train position and speed) may have on dependability-related attributes. Recently, various approaches have been proposed to characterize such effects through quantitative measures, leveraging formal stochastic modeling and evaluation of the TCS behavior. In this paper, we illustrate the results of a systematic review of the literature on quantitative evaluation of dependability-related attributes of TCSs under uncertainty on vital parameters. Specifically, we have finally selected 42 relevant papers, published between 2011 and 2023, that succeed in giving, through an empirical perspective and classification, a comprehensive view of current research and practice in quantitative dependability assessment of TCSs.Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, vol. 26 (issue 4), pp. 4298-4314
DOI: 10.1109/tits.2025.3530112
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems | Flore (Florence Research Repository) | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2025
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Advanced definition and analysis of anti-icing methods to balance energy usage and dependability in railways
Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G.
Rail transport is increasingly favored for its safety and reliability, but severe weather conditions, such as snow and ice, pose significant challenges, especially to railroad switches, which are vital for safe train routing since their failure can lead to derailments or collisions. Aiming at promoting intelligent railway systems, this paper proposes advancements in the efficient management of heater-based anti-icing systems for railroad switches. The goal is to reduce energy consumption while ensuring reliable performance. Main novel contributions comprise both a richer set of software policies for an efficient anti-icing system management An advanced modeling framework supports the novel extensions, and the analysis results are useful for railway companies in selecting policies that achieve an appropriate balance of energy consumption and dependability.DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2025/014
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
Metrics:
Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G.
Rail transport is increasingly favored for its safety and reliability, but severe weather conditions, such as snow and ice, pose significant challenges, especially to railroad switches, which are vital for safe train routing since their failure can lead to derailments or collisions. Aiming at promoting intelligent railway systems, this paper proposes advancements in the efficient management of heater-based anti-icing systems for railroad switches. The goal is to reduce energy consumption while ensuring reliable performance. Main novel contributions comprise both a richer set of software policies for an efficient anti-icing system management An advanced modeling framework supports the novel extensions, and the analysis results are useful for railway companies in selecting policies that achieve an appropriate balance of energy consumption and dependability.DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2025/014
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
Metrics:
2025
Other
Restricted
Dependability modeling and evaluation of IPS architectures in the railway sector
Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G.
Rail transport is increasingly preferred for its safety and reliability, which can be achieved through a variety of advanced design solutions and technological supports. Among them, ensuring a continuous power supply is crucial for the reliable execution of energy-dependent critical operations. Inspired by the Italian railway infrastructure, here the focus is on \gls{ips}systems that support critical functionalities, such as the signaling system that regulates railway traffic movement. Fault-tolerant \gls{ips} designs are implemented to address unforeseen fault events at the \gls{ips} level, which could lead to safety or availability issues. Building on previous work, this paper presents a refined stochastic model-based evaluation framework to aid in comparing various \gls{ips} redundant architectures with respect to dependability characteristics, mainly focusing on reliability and availability metrics. Major extensions pertain to i) the modeling of two additional \gls{ips} architectures; ii) the integration of models to analyze the \gls{ips} behavior under normal and critical conditions; iii) the consideration and modeling of battery failures; iv) extension of the analysis campaign to account for the new additions. A designer can effectively utilize the findings from this analysis to determine the most appropriate \gls{ips} organization that meets dependability criteria while also considering potential energy consumption savings.DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2025/013
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
Metrics:
Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G.
Rail transport is increasingly preferred for its safety and reliability, which can be achieved through a variety of advanced design solutions and technological supports. Among them, ensuring a continuous power supply is crucial for the reliable execution of energy-dependent critical operations. Inspired by the Italian railway infrastructure, here the focus is on \gls{ips}systems that support critical functionalities, such as the signaling system that regulates railway traffic movement. Fault-tolerant \gls{ips} designs are implemented to address unforeseen fault events at the \gls{ips} level, which could lead to safety or availability issues. Building on previous work, this paper presents a refined stochastic model-based evaluation framework to aid in comparing various \gls{ips} redundant architectures with respect to dependability characteristics, mainly focusing on reliability and availability metrics. Major extensions pertain to i) the modeling of two additional \gls{ips} architectures; ii) the integration of models to analyze the \gls{ips} behavior under normal and critical conditions; iii) the consideration and modeling of battery failures; iv) extension of the analysis campaign to account for the new additions. A designer can effectively utilize the findings from this analysis to determine the most appropriate \gls{ips} organization that meets dependability criteria while also considering potential energy consumption savings.DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2025/013
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
Metrics:
2025
Journal article
Open Access
Stochastic modeling of intrusion tolerant systems based on redundancy and diversity
Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G.
To cope with unforeseen attacks to software systems in critical application domains, redundancy-based ITSs schemes are among popular countermeasures to deploy. Designing the adequate ITS for the stated security requirements calls for stochastic analysis supports, able to assess the impact of variety of attack patterns on different ITS configurations. As contribution to this purpose, a stochastic model for ITS is proposed, whose novel aspects are the ability to account for both camouflaging components and for correlation aspects between the security failures affecting the diverse implementations of the software cyber protections adopted in the ITS. Extensive analyses are conducted to show the applicability of the model; the obtained results allow to understand the limits and strengths of selected ITS configurations when subject to attacks occurring in unfavorable conditions for the defender.Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, vol. 74 (issue 12), pp. 4123-4137
DOI: 10.1109/tc.2025.3606189
Metrics:
Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Masetti G.
To cope with unforeseen attacks to software systems in critical application domains, redundancy-based ITSs schemes are among popular countermeasures to deploy. Designing the adequate ITS for the stated security requirements calls for stochastic analysis supports, able to assess the impact of variety of attack patterns on different ITS configurations. As contribution to this purpose, a stochastic model for ITS is proposed, whose novel aspects are the ability to account for both camouflaging components and for correlation aspects between the security failures affecting the diverse implementations of the software cyber protections adopted in the ITS. Extensive analyses are conducted to show the applicability of the model; the obtained results allow to understand the limits and strengths of selected ITS configurations when subject to attacks occurring in unfavorable conditions for the defender.Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, vol. 74 (issue 12), pp. 4123-4137
DOI: 10.1109/tc.2025.3606189
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2025
Conference article
Open Access
Quantitative dependability evaluation of train control systems in presence of uncertainty: a systematic literature review
Carnevali Laura, Di Giandomenico Felicita, Fantechi Alessandro, Gnesi Stefania, Gori Gloria
Technological advances in Train Control Systems (TCSs) hold substantial promise for revolutionizing railway transportation de- pendability in terms of safety, availability, and operational capacity. This transformation is primarily driven by cutting-edge distancing policies such as Moving Block (MB) signaling and Virtual Coupling (VC), which are powered by sophisticated train localization technologies including satellite-based positioning systems. At the same time, these technolog- ical advances raise notable concerns about the effects that uncertainty in critical TCS parameters, such as train position and speed, may have on dependability-related attributes. This is an extended abstract of the journal paper [6], where a comprehensive systematic literature review in- vestigating quantitative methodologies for assessing TCS dependability under uncertain conditions is presented. Through selection and analysis of 42 peer-reviewed publications spanning 2011-2023, we provide em- pirical insights and a taxonomic framework on research and practice in quantitative dependability assessment of TCSs.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 16236, pp. 129-134. Pisa, Italy, 26–28 November 2025
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-10762-6_11
DOI: 10.1109/tits.2025.3530112
Metrics:
Carnevali Laura, Di Giandomenico Felicita, Fantechi Alessandro, Gnesi Stefania, Gori Gloria
Technological advances in Train Control Systems (TCSs) hold substantial promise for revolutionizing railway transportation de- pendability in terms of safety, availability, and operational capacity. This transformation is primarily driven by cutting-edge distancing policies such as Moving Block (MB) signaling and Virtual Coupling (VC), which are powered by sophisticated train localization technologies including satellite-based positioning systems. At the same time, these technolog- ical advances raise notable concerns about the effects that uncertainty in critical TCS parameters, such as train position and speed, may have on dependability-related attributes. This is an extended abstract of the journal paper [6], where a comprehensive systematic literature review in- vestigating quantitative methodologies for assessing TCS dependability under uncertain conditions is presented. Through selection and analysis of 42 peer-reviewed publications spanning 2011-2023, we provide em- pirical insights and a taxonomic framework on research and practice in quantitative dependability assessment of TCSs.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 16236, pp. 129-134. Pisa, Italy, 26–28 November 2025
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-10762-6_11
DOI: 10.1109/tits.2025.3530112
Metrics:
See at:
IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | doi.org | IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems | CNR IRIS | Flore (Florence Research Repository) | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | link.springer.com
2025
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PRIN PNRR Adventure D2: Report on the definition of methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of KPIs of railway systems
Basile D., Ter Beek M., Carnevali L., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gori G.
ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims at developing innovative solutions for the evaluation of complex railway systems. Using Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methods and multi-paradigm or multi-formalism approaches to help create bridges between different abstraction levels, the project focuses on the following objectives: 1) qualitative evaluation of safety of complex distributed railway systems, by means of diverse techniques such as compositional model checking, synthesis of specifications given as behavioral interfaces, and tool support for relating specifications with implementations; 2) quantitative evaluation of dependability attributes in spite of failures, in particular considering communication failures, through quantitative modeling and evaluation of the timed failure logic of the system; 3) quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between energy efficiency and availability/performance, considering different smart policies of energy saving and taking into account failures, criticalities, and priorities of the system under analysis. The developed solutions are going to be experimented and validated by their application to different case studies, that are considered as representative of the innovation trends in railways, namely decentralized interlocking systems, standard interfaces and smart deicing systems. This deliverable details the techniques that have been considered and the advancements.Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
Basile D., Ter Beek M., Carnevali L., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gori G.
ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims at developing innovative solutions for the evaluation of complex railway systems. Using Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methods and multi-paradigm or multi-formalism approaches to help create bridges between different abstraction levels, the project focuses on the following objectives: 1) qualitative evaluation of safety of complex distributed railway systems, by means of diverse techniques such as compositional model checking, synthesis of specifications given as behavioral interfaces, and tool support for relating specifications with implementations; 2) quantitative evaluation of dependability attributes in spite of failures, in particular considering communication failures, through quantitative modeling and evaluation of the timed failure logic of the system; 3) quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between energy efficiency and availability/performance, considering different smart policies of energy saving and taking into account failures, criticalities, and priorities of the system under analysis. The developed solutions are going to be experimented and validated by their application to different case studies, that are considered as representative of the innovation trends in railways, namely decentralized interlocking systems, standard interfaces and smart deicing systems. This deliverable details the techniques that have been considered and the advancements.Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
2024
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CN MOST SP4 D1.3.1: Report on formal models
Basile D., Ter Beek M., Di Giandomenico F., Ferrari A., Mazzanti F., Chiaradonna S., Team Of Intesa San Paolo
In this deliverable, formal methods, model-based development, quantitative model-based analysis and their application to railway systems are discussed. Two applications are considered of, respectively, formal verification and quantitative model-based analysis: the formalization of railway interfaces, specifically focusing on the interface between two components of the European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS), and an uninterruptible power supply system.Project(s): CN MOST (National Sustainable Mobility Centre) Spoke 4: Rail Transportation
Basile D., Ter Beek M., Di Giandomenico F., Ferrari A., Mazzanti F., Chiaradonna S., Team Of Intesa San Paolo
In this deliverable, formal methods, model-based development, quantitative model-based analysis and their application to railway systems are discussed. Two applications are considered of, respectively, formal verification and quantitative model-based analysis: the formalization of railway interfaces, specifically focusing on the interface between two components of the European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS), and an uninterruptible power supply system.Project(s): CN MOST (National Sustainable Mobility Centre) Spoke 4: Rail Transportation
2024
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PRIN PNRR Adventure D1.1 - Report on the definition of the case studies
Basile D., Ter Beek M., Carnevali L., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gori G.
ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims at developing innovative solutions for the evaluation of complex railway systems. Using Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methods and multi-paradigm or multi-formalism approaches to help create bridges between different abstraction levels, the project focuses on the following objectives: 1) qualitative evaluation of safety of complex distributed railway systems, by means of diverse techniques such as compositional model checking, synthesis of specifications given as behavioral interfaces, and tool support for relating specifications with implementations; 2) quantitative evaluation of dependability attributes in spite of failures, in particular considering communication failures, through quantitative modeling and evaluation of the timed failure logic of the system; 3) quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between energy efficiency and availability/performance, considering different smart policies of energy saving and taking into account failures, criticalities, and priorities of the system under analysis. The developed solutions are going to be experimented and validated by their application to different case studies, that are considered as representative of the innovation trends in railways, namely decentralized interlocking systems, standard interfaces and smart deicing systems. A common trait of these case studies is that they can be considered as distributed Cyber-Physical Systems that ensure safe transit of trains along a station route. In all cases, the route is allocated if specific conditions are verified on a set of elements lying along the route, with also an eye to the energy consumption in case the involved equipment are characterized by energy-intensive operation. A failure of one of these elements generally means that the itinerary is unavailable: in this case, the availability and thus the overall transit capacity of the station decreases as well, with the possible occurrence of single points of failure blocking all operations. Modeling such a complex system for the purpose of quantitative assessment of availability suffers from the problem of state-space explosion. It is therefore desired to: (a)~identify a model-based compositional method for analyzing such a complex network by combining results of the analysis of its elements, with the aim to perform network analysis in linear time with respect to the number of elements; the approach will be tried on some topological instances of the two case studies; (b)~generalize the identified approach so that it can be automatically instantiated on different network topologies, both for ADVENTURE case studies and for networks defining other distributed systems that have similar characteristics or similar dependability requirements.Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
Basile D., Ter Beek M., Carnevali L., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gori G.
ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims at developing innovative solutions for the evaluation of complex railway systems. Using Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) methods and multi-paradigm or multi-formalism approaches to help create bridges between different abstraction levels, the project focuses on the following objectives: 1) qualitative evaluation of safety of complex distributed railway systems, by means of diverse techniques such as compositional model checking, synthesis of specifications given as behavioral interfaces, and tool support for relating specifications with implementations; 2) quantitative evaluation of dependability attributes in spite of failures, in particular considering communication failures, through quantitative modeling and evaluation of the timed failure logic of the system; 3) quantitative evaluation of trade-offs between energy efficiency and availability/performance, considering different smart policies of energy saving and taking into account failures, criticalities, and priorities of the system under analysis. The developed solutions are going to be experimented and validated by their application to different case studies, that are considered as representative of the innovation trends in railways, namely decentralized interlocking systems, standard interfaces and smart deicing systems. A common trait of these case studies is that they can be considered as distributed Cyber-Physical Systems that ensure safe transit of trains along a station route. In all cases, the route is allocated if specific conditions are verified on a set of elements lying along the route, with also an eye to the energy consumption in case the involved equipment are characterized by energy-intensive operation. A failure of one of these elements generally means that the itinerary is unavailable: in this case, the availability and thus the overall transit capacity of the station decreases as well, with the possible occurrence of single points of failure blocking all operations. Modeling such a complex system for the purpose of quantitative assessment of availability suffers from the problem of state-space explosion. It is therefore desired to: (a)~identify a model-based compositional method for analyzing such a complex network by combining results of the analysis of its elements, with the aim to perform network analysis in linear time with respect to the number of elements; the approach will be tried on some topological instances of the two case studies; (b)~generalize the identified approach so that it can be automatically instantiated on different network topologies, both for ADVENTURE case studies and for networks defining other distributed systems that have similar characteristics or similar dependability requirements.Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
2024
Conference article
Open Access
Towards effective safety and cybersecurity co-engineering in critical domains
Babeshko I., Illiashenko O., Di Giandomenico F.
The primary objective of functional safety and cybersecurity co-engineering is to streamline assessment processes and enhance efficiency by implementing integrated approaches, therefore reducing overall effort and bringing several consequential advantages. Although this concept is not new, and there have already been successful attempts at its utilization in different critical domains such as nuclear, railway, and automotive, no mature approach could be easily adopted and applied during the assessment. Another challenge is that the understanding of co-engineering is essentially different, depending on domain specifics and priorities. Moreover, issues are still related to measuring efficiency achieved by co-engineering utilization. This paper addresses the current state of safety and cybersecurity co-engineering in critical domains. With a focus on nuclear, automotive, and railway domains, it proposes directions toward developing effective co-engineering frameworks for them.DOI: 10.1109/dessert61349.2023.10416431
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Babeshko I., Illiashenko O., Di Giandomenico F.
The primary objective of functional safety and cybersecurity co-engineering is to streamline assessment processes and enhance efficiency by implementing integrated approaches, therefore reducing overall effort and bringing several consequential advantages. Although this concept is not new, and there have already been successful attempts at its utilization in different critical domains such as nuclear, railway, and automotive, no mature approach could be easily adopted and applied during the assessment. Another challenge is that the understanding of co-engineering is essentially different, depending on domain specifics and priorities. Moreover, issues are still related to measuring efficiency achieved by co-engineering utilization. This paper addresses the current state of safety and cybersecurity co-engineering in critical domains. With a focus on nuclear, automotive, and railway domains, it proposes directions toward developing effective co-engineering frameworks for them.DOI: 10.1109/dessert61349.2023.10416431
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CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | doi.org | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2024
Conference article
Open Access
An integrated perspective on the evaluation of complex railway systems
Basile D., Ter Beek M. H., Carnevali L., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gori G.
The project ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims to provide novel solutions for the evaluation of RAMS requirements as well as to present trade-offs between dependability attributes and energy consumption in complex railway systems, leveraging both qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. To this end, case studies concerning distributed interlocking systems, standard interfaces, and railroad switch heaters are considered, comprising different challenging scenarios, notably representative of the complexity of railway systems. In this paper, we illustrate the objectives of the project and the activities planned to address them, devising future steps to integrate the envisaged contributions within a unified framework.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 15223, pp. 190-207. Crete, Greece, 27-31/10/2024
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-75390-9_13
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
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Basile D., Ter Beek M. H., Carnevali L., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F., Fantechi A., Gori G.
The project ADVENTURE (ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms) aims to provide novel solutions for the evaluation of RAMS requirements as well as to present trade-offs between dependability attributes and energy consumption in complex railway systems, leveraging both qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. To this end, case studies concerning distributed interlocking systems, standard interfaces, and railroad switch heaters are considered, comprising different challenging scenarios, notably representative of the complexity of railway systems. In this paper, we illustrate the objectives of the project and the activities planned to address them, devising future steps to integrate the envisaged contributions within a unified framework.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 15223, pp. 190-207. Crete, Greece, 27-31/10/2024
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-75390-9_13
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms, Sustainable Mobility National Research Center
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IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | Flore (Florence Research Repository) | Flore (Florence Research Repository) | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2024
Conference article
Open Access
A new metric of adaptivity for self-adaptive systems
Masetti G., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F.
With focus on open-ended architectural adaptation, where individual components represent alternatives that can be added and removed dynamically at runtime, a new metric is proposed to provide insights on the effectiveness of architectural changes, such as the addition or removal of components. Specifically, the new metric allows to assess how much the system actually adapts to variations of the environment by properly applying a system reconfiguration. The approach is based on a statistical analysis of the system, which exploits the Bell inequality, conveniently adapted from the Quantum Mechanic theory. The formal definition of the new adaptability metric is presented, as well as an example of application in a simple case study.Source: COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, vol. 2178, pp. 227-234. Pisa, Italy, 11-13/11/2024
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-70245-7_16
Metrics:
Masetti G., Chiaradonna S., Di Giandomenico F.
With focus on open-ended architectural adaptation, where individual components represent alternatives that can be added and removed dynamically at runtime, a new metric is proposed to provide insights on the effectiveness of architectural changes, such as the addition or removal of components. Specifically, the new metric allows to assess how much the system actually adapts to variations of the environment by properly applying a system reconfiguration. The approach is based on a statistical analysis of the system, which exploits the Bell inequality, conveniently adapted from the Quantum Mechanic theory. The formal definition of the new adaptability metric is presented, as well as an example of application in a simple case study.Source: COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE, vol. 2178, pp. 227-234. Pisa, Italy, 11-13/11/2024
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-70245-7_16
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IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2024
Journal article
Open Access
Advanced integrated evaluation of railway systems
Davide Basile, Maurice Ter Beek, Felicita Di Giandomenico, Laura Carnevali, Alessandro Fantechi
Researchers from the Software Technologies Lab (STLAB) of the University of Florence and the two research labs Formal Methods and Tools (FMT) and Software Engineering and Dependable Computing (SEDC) of CNR-ISTI join forces to work on innovative solutions for the evaluation of railway systems. The research is conducted in the context of the national project ADVENTURE funded by the Italian Ministry for Universities and Research (MUR) under the program for Projects of National Interest (PRIN).Source: ERCIM NEWS, pp. 53-54
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
Davide Basile, Maurice Ter Beek, Felicita Di Giandomenico, Laura Carnevali, Alessandro Fantechi
Researchers from the Software Technologies Lab (STLAB) of the University of Florence and the two research labs Formal Methods and Tools (FMT) and Software Engineering and Dependable Computing (SEDC) of CNR-ISTI join forces to work on innovative solutions for the evaluation of railway systems. The research is conducted in the context of the national project ADVENTURE funded by the Italian Ministry for Universities and Research (MUR) under the program for Projects of National Interest (PRIN).Source: ERCIM NEWS, pp. 53-54
Project(s): ADVancEd iNtegraTed evalUation of Railway systEms
See at:
ercim-news.ercim.eu | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2023
Conference article
Open Access
Cross-coverage testing of functionally equivalent programs
Bertolino A, De Angelis G, Di Giandomenico F, Lonetti F
Cross-coverage of a program P refers to the test coverage measured over a different program Q that is functionally equivalent to P. The novel concept of cross-coverage can find useful applications in the test of redundant software. We apply here cross-coverage for test suite augmentation and show that additional test cases generated from the coverage of an equivalent program, referred to as cross tests, can increase the coverage of a program in more effective way than a random baseline. We also observe that -contrary to traditional coverage testing-cross coverage could help finding (artificially created) missing functionality faults.DOI: 10.1109/ast58925.2023.00014
Metrics:
Bertolino A, De Angelis G, Di Giandomenico F, Lonetti F
Cross-coverage of a program P refers to the test coverage measured over a different program Q that is functionally equivalent to P. The novel concept of cross-coverage can find useful applications in the test of redundant software. We apply here cross-coverage for test suite augmentation and show that additional test cases generated from the coverage of an equivalent program, referred to as cross tests, can increase the coverage of a program in more effective way than a random baseline. We also observe that -contrary to traditional coverage testing-cross coverage could help finding (artificially created) missing functionality faults.DOI: 10.1109/ast58925.2023.00014
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CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2023
Journal article
Open Access
Safety and cybersecurity assessment techniques for critical industries: a mapping study
Babeshko I, Di Giandomenico F
The paper presents a mapping study of safety and cybersecurity assessment techniques used in critical industries such as nuclear power plants, the oil and gas sector, autonomous vehicles, railways, etc., with particular emphasis on instrumentation and control systems (I&C). Modern I&Cs are complex electronic systems comprising thousands of components, therefore their reliability and safety when employed in critical application domains are challenging. With the development and integration of Industry 4.0 technologies such systems become more open for communication and flexible usage due to gradual interconnection with public networks and the Internet, but new cybersecurity and safety challenges are introduced. This paper states research questions and provides analysis results of recent relevant sources. Initially, 320 records (acquired between 2018 and 2022 inclusive) were identified. Later on, 187 studies were processed to check eligibility criteria. Overall, this mapping study includes 49 papers, after examining the pre-defined criteria and guidelines. The results of the analysis performed allow to systemize techniques being utilized in practice right now, as well as to identify trends of further techniques development. In fact, although the techniques used are not novel and most of them have been used for decades, our study shows that there are still some new trends in this field. In particular, the unified safety and cybersecurity assessment technique is a promising research direction, worth further investigation.Source: IEEE ACCESS, vol. 11, pp. 83781-83793
DOI: 10.1109/access.2023.3297446
Metrics:
Babeshko I, Di Giandomenico F
The paper presents a mapping study of safety and cybersecurity assessment techniques used in critical industries such as nuclear power plants, the oil and gas sector, autonomous vehicles, railways, etc., with particular emphasis on instrumentation and control systems (I&C). Modern I&Cs are complex electronic systems comprising thousands of components, therefore their reliability and safety when employed in critical application domains are challenging. With the development and integration of Industry 4.0 technologies such systems become more open for communication and flexible usage due to gradual interconnection with public networks and the Internet, but new cybersecurity and safety challenges are introduced. This paper states research questions and provides analysis results of recent relevant sources. Initially, 320 records (acquired between 2018 and 2022 inclusive) were identified. Later on, 187 studies were processed to check eligibility criteria. Overall, this mapping study includes 49 papers, after examining the pre-defined criteria and guidelines. The results of the analysis performed allow to systemize techniques being utilized in practice right now, as well as to identify trends of further techniques development. In fact, although the techniques used are not novel and most of them have been used for decades, our study shows that there are still some new trends in this field. In particular, the unified safety and cybersecurity assessment technique is a promising research direction, worth further investigation.Source: IEEE ACCESS, vol. 11, pp. 83781-83793
DOI: 10.1109/access.2023.3297446
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS
2023
Journal article
Open Access
Security-informed safety analysis of autonomous transport systems considering AI-powered cyberattacks and protection
Illiashenko O, Kharchenko V, Babeshko I, Fesenko H, Di Giandomenico F
The entropy-oriented approach called security- or cybersecurity-informed safety (SIS or CSIS, respectively) is discussed and developed in order to analyse and evaluate the safety and dependability of autonomous transport systems (ATSs) such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned maritime vehicles (UMVs), and satellites. This approach allows for extending and integrating the known techniques FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) and IMECA (Intrusion MECA), as well as developing the new SISMECA (SIS-based Intrusion Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) technique. The ontology model and templates for SISMECA implementation are suggested. The methodology of safety assessment is based on (i) the application and enhancement of SISMECA considering the particularities of various ATSs and roles of actors (regulators, developers, operators, customers); (ii) the development of a set of scenarios describing the operation of ATS in conditions of cyberattacks and physical influences; (iii) AI contribution to system protection for the analysed domains; (iv) scenario-based development and analysis of user stories related to different cyber-attacks, as well as ways to protect ATSs from them via AI means/platforms; (v) profiling of AI platform requirements by use of characteristics based on AI quality model, risk-based assessment of cyberattack criticality, and efficiency of countermeasures which actors can implement. Examples of the application of SISMECA assessment are presented and discussed.Source: ENTROPY, vol. 25 (issue 8)
DOI: 10.3390/e25081123
Metrics:
Illiashenko O, Kharchenko V, Babeshko I, Fesenko H, Di Giandomenico F
The entropy-oriented approach called security- or cybersecurity-informed safety (SIS or CSIS, respectively) is discussed and developed in order to analyse and evaluate the safety and dependability of autonomous transport systems (ATSs) such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned maritime vehicles (UMVs), and satellites. This approach allows for extending and integrating the known techniques FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) and IMECA (Intrusion MECA), as well as developing the new SISMECA (SIS-based Intrusion Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) technique. The ontology model and templates for SISMECA implementation are suggested. The methodology of safety assessment is based on (i) the application and enhancement of SISMECA considering the particularities of various ATSs and roles of actors (regulators, developers, operators, customers); (ii) the development of a set of scenarios describing the operation of ATS in conditions of cyberattacks and physical influences; (iii) AI contribution to system protection for the analysed domains; (iv) scenario-based development and analysis of user stories related to different cyber-attacks, as well as ways to protect ATSs from them via AI means/platforms; (v) profiling of AI platform requirements by use of characteristics based on AI quality model, risk-based assessment of cyberattack criticality, and efficiency of countermeasures which actors can implement. Examples of the application of SISMECA assessment are presented and discussed.Source: ENTROPY, vol. 25 (issue 8)
DOI: 10.3390/e25081123
Metrics:
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CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | www.mdpi.com | CNR IRIS