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2025 Contribution to book Open Access OPEN
Preface to Similarity search and applications: Proceedings of the 18th international conference, SISAP 2025, Reykjavik, Iceland, October 1–3, 2025
Amato G., Mic V., Traina A. J. M., Messina N., Amsaleg L., Gudmundsson G. Th., Jonsson B. Th., Vadicamo L.
Preface of 18th International Conference, SISAP 2025, Reykjavik, Iceland, October 1–3, 2025, ProceedingsSource: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 16134, pp. 5-7
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-06069-3
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See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | link.springer.com Open Access | doi.org Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Structural monitoring of heritage buildings via deep learning algorithms
Girardi M., Gurioli G., Messina N.
Monitoring systems constitute a significant, non-invasive tool for verifying the structural health of buildings and infrastructure over time. Deep learning neural networks can be used to analyse data from long-term monitoring systems, such as time series of velocity/acceleration measured at specific points and environmental parameters, and to predict the main features of the buildings’ structural behaviour with respect to ambient stresses. Potential anomalies of the structure’s vibrational features related to damage or unexpected events, such as earthquakes or exceptional loads, can also be detected. The paper focuses on the application of a Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) network to data from the dynamic monitoring of a medieval tower in the historic centre of Lucca (Tuscany, Italy).Source: ERCIM NEWS, vol. 141, pp. 13-14

See at: ercim-news.ercim.eu Open Access | CNR IRIS Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Using Artificial Intelligence for the dynamic monitoring of an old tower in the Medicean Port of Livorno (Italy)
Bartoli G., Betti M., Girardi M., Gurioli G., Messina N., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Zini G.
This paper applies deep learning techniques to the signals acquired during a long-term dynamic monitoring campaign conducted on the Matilde donjon, a fortified keep belonging to the Old Fortress in the Medicean Port of Livorno, Italy. The time series collected during the dynamic monitoring complemented with the environmental parameters (temperature, wind speed) were used to train a deep learning neural network and forecast the dynamical behaviour of the tower. Although the signals are sparse and noisy, the algorithm can learn the main features of the tower’s dynamic response and detect anomalies and events occurring in the surrounding environment.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, vol. 676, pp. 54-62. Porto, Portugal, 2-4/07/2025
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-96114-4_7
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See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | link.springer.com Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Towards identity-aware cross-modal retrieval: a dataset and a baseline
Messina N., Vadicamo L., Maltese L., Gennaro C.
Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced content-based retrieval methods, notably through models like CLIP that map images and texts into a shared embedding space. However, these methods often struggle with domain-specific entities and long-tail concepts absent from their training data, particularly in identifying specific individuals. In this paper, we explore the task of identity-aware cross-modal retrieval, which aims to retrieve images of persons in specific contexts based on natural language queries. This task is critical in various scenarios, such as for searching and browsing personalized video collections or large audio-visual archives maintained by national broadcasters. We introduce a novel dataset, COCO Person FaceSwap (COCO-PFS), derived from the widely used COCO dataset and enriched with deepfake-generated faces from VGGFace2. This dataset addresses the lack of large-scale datasets needed for training and evaluating models for this task. Our experiments assess the performance of different CLIP variations repurposed for this task, including our architecture, Identity-aware CLIP (Id-CLIP), which achieves competitive retrieval performance through targeted fine-tuning. Our contributions lay the groundwork for more robust cross-modal retrieval systems capable of recognizing long-tail identities and contextual nuances. Data and code are available at .Source: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 15572, pp. 437-452. Lucca, Italy, April 6–10, 2025
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-88708-6_28
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88708-6_28
Project(s): Future Artificial Intelligence Research, a MUltimedia platform for Content Enrichment and Search in audiovisual archives
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See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Maybe you are looking for CroQS Cross-Modal Query Suggestion for text-to-image retrieval
Pacini G., Carrara F., Messina N., Tonellotto N., Amato G., Falchi F.
Query suggestion, a technique widely adopted in information retrieval, enhances system interactivity and the browsing experience of document collections. In cross-modal retrieval, many works have focused on retrieving relevant items from natural language queries, while few have explored query suggestion solutions. In this work, we address query suggestion in cross-modal retrieval, introducing a novel task that focuses on suggesting minimal textual modifications needed to explore visually consistent subsets of the collection, following the premise of “Maybe you are looking for”. To facilitate the evaluation and development of methods, we present a tailored benchmark named CroQS. This dataset comprises initial queries, grouped result sets, and human-defined suggested queries for each group. We establish dedicated metrics to rigorously evaluate the performance of various methods on this task, measuring representativeness, cluster specificity, and similarity of the suggested queries to the original ones. Baseline methods from related fields, such as image captioning and content summarization, are adapted for this task to provide reference performance scores. Although relatively far from human performance, our experiments reveal that both LLM-based and captioning-based methods achieve competitive results on CroQS, improving the recall on cluster specificity by more than 115% and representativeness mAP by more than 52% with respect to the initial query. The dataset, the implementation of the baseline methods and the notebooks containing our experiments are available here: paciosoft.com/CroQS-benchmark/.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 15573, pp. 138-152. Lucca, Italy, April 6–10, 2025
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-88711-6_9
Project(s): Future Artificial Intelligence Research, a MUltimedia platform for Content Enrichment and Search in audiovisual archives
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See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | link.springer.com Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Talking to DINO: bridging self-supervised vision backbones with language for open-vocabulary segmentation
Barsellotti L., Bianchi L., Messina N., Carrara F., Cornia M., Baraldi L., Falchi F., Cucchiara R.
Open-Vocabulary Segmentation (OVS) aims at segmenting images from free-form textual concepts without predefined training classes. While existing vision-language models such as CLIP can generate segmentation masks by leveraging coarse spatial information from Vision Transformers, they face challenges in spatial localization due to their global alignment of image and text features. Conversely, self-supervised visual models like DINO excel in fine-grained visual encoding but lack integration with language. To bridge this gap, we present Talk2DINO, a novel hybrid approach that combines the spatial accuracy of DINOv2 with the language understanding of CLIP. Our approach aligns the textual embeddings of CLIP to the patch-level features of DINOv2 through a learned mapping function without the need to fine-tune the underlying backbones. At training time, we exploit the attention maps of DINOv2 to selectively align local visual patches with textual embeddings. We show that the powerful semantic and localization abilities of Talk2DINO can enhance the segmentation process, resulting in more natural and less noisy segmentations, and that our approach can also effectively distinguish foreground objects from the background. Experimental results demonstrate that Talk2DINO achieves state-of-the-art performance across several unsupervised OVS benchmarks.Source: PROCEEDINGS IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION, pp. 22025-22035. Honolulu, Hawaii (USA), 19-23/10/2025
Project(s): Future Artificial Intelligence Research, Italian Strengthening of ESFRI RI RESILIENCE, SUN via OpenAIRE, a MUltimedia platform for Content Enrichment and Search in audiovisual archives

See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | openaccess.thecvf.com Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Is CLIP the main roadblock for fine-grained open-world perception?
Bianchi L., Carrara F., Messina N., Falchi F.
Modern applications increasingly demand flexible computer vision models that adapt to novel concepts not encountered during training. This necessity is pivotal in emerging domains like extended reality, robotics, and autonomous driving, which require the ability to respond to open-world stimuli. A key ingredient is the ability to identify objects based on free-form textual queries defined at inference time – a task known as open-vocabulary object detection. Multimodal backbones like CLIP are the main enabling technology for current open-world perception solutions. Despite performing well on generic queries, recent studies highlighted limitations on the fine-grained recognition capabilities in open-vocabulary settings – i.e., for distinguishing subtle object features like color, shape, and material. In this paper, we perform a detailed examination of these open-vocabulary object recognition limitations to find the root cause. We evaluate the performance of CLIP, the most commonly used vision-language backbone, against a fine-grained object-matching benchmark, revealing interesting analogies between the limitations of open-vocabulary object detectors and their backbones. Experiments suggest that the lack of fine-grained understanding is caused by the poor separability of object characteristics in the CLIP latent space. Therefore, we try to understand whether fine-grained knowledge is present in CLIP embeddings but not exploited at inference time due, for example, to the unsuitability of the cosine similarity matching function, which may discard important object characteristics. Our preliminary experiments show that simple CLIP latent-space re-projections help separate fine-grained concepts, paving the way towards the development of backbones inherently able to process fine-grained details. The code for reproducing these experiments is available at https://github.com/lorebianchi98/FG-CLIP.DOI: 10.1109/cbmi62980.2024.10859215
Project(s): Future Artificial Intelligence Research, Italian Strengthening of ESFRI RI RESILIENCE, SUN via OpenAIRE, a MUltimedia platform for Content Enrichment and Search in audiovisual archives
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See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | ieeexplore.ieee.org Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Joint-dataset learning and cross-consistent regularization for text-to-motion retrieval
Messina N., Sedmidubsky J., Falchi F., Rebok T.
Pose-estimation methods enable extracting human motion from common videos in the structured form of 3D skeleton sequences. Despite great application opportunities, effective content-based access to such spatio-temporal motion data is a challenging problem. In this paper, we focus on the recently introduced text-motion retrieval tasks, which aim to search for database motions that are the most relevant to a specified natural-language textual description (text-to-motion) and vice-versa (motion-to-text). Despite recent efforts to explore these promising avenues, a primary challenge remains the insufficient data available to train robust text-motion models effectively. To address this issue, we propose to investigate joint-dataset learning – where we train on multiple text-motion datasets simultaneously – together with the introduction of a Cross-Consistent Contrastive Loss function (CCCL), which regularizes the learned text-motion common space by imposing uni-modal constraints that augment the representation ability of the trained network. To learn a proper motion representation, we also introduce a transformer-based motion encoder, called MoT++, which employs spatio-temporal attention to process skeleton data sequences. We demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approaches on the widely-used KIT Motion-Language and HumanML3D datasets, including also some results on the recent Motion-X dataset. We perform detailed experimentation on joint-dataset learning and cross-dataset scenarios, showing the effectiveness of each introduced module in a carefully conducted ablation study and, in turn, pointing out the limitations of state-of-the-art methods. The code for reproducing our results is available here: .Source: ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING, COMMUNICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
DOI: 10.1145/3744565
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3744565
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2407.02104
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See at: arXiv.org e-Print Archive Open Access | CNR IRIS Open Access | ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications Restricted | doi.org Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Mind the prompt: a novel benchmark for prompt-based class-agnostic counting
Ciampi L., Messina N., Pierucci M., Amato G., Avvenuti M., Falchi F.
Recently, object counting has shifted towards classagnostic counting (CAC), which counts instances of arbitrary object classes never seen during model training. With advancements in robust vision-and-language foundation models, there is a growing interest in prompt-based CAC, where object categories are specified using natural language. However, we identify significant limitations in current benchmarks for evaluating this task, which hinder both accurate assessment and the development of more effective solutions. Specifically, we argue that the current evaluation protocols do not measure the ability of the model to understand which object has to be counted. This is due to two main factors: (i) the shortcomings of CAC datasets, which primarily consist of images containing objects from a single class, and (ii) the limitations of current counting performance evaluators, which are based on traditional class-specific counting and focus solely on counting errors. To fill this gap, we introduce the Prompt-Aware Counting (PrACo) benchmark. It comprises two targeted tests coupled with evaluation metrics specifically designed to quantitatively measure the robustness and trustworthiness of existing prompt-based CAC models. We evaluate state-of-the-art methods and demonstrate that, although some achieve impressive results on standard class-specific counting metrics, they exhibit a significant deficiency in understanding the input prompt, indicating the need for more careful training procedures or revised designs. The code for reproducing our results is available at https://github.com/ciampluca/PrACo.DOI: 10.1109/wacv61041.2025.00774
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2409.15953
Project(s): SUN via OpenAIRE
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See at: arXiv.org e-Print Archive Open Access | CNR IRIS Open Access | ieeexplore.ieee.org Open Access | doi.org Restricted | doi.org Restricted | Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted | CNR IRIS Restricted


2025 Other Open Access OPEN
ISTI-day 2025 Proceedings
Del Corso G., Pedrotti A., Federico G., Gennaro C., Carrara F., Amato G., Di Benedetto M., Gabrielli E., Belli D., Matrullo Zoe, Miori V., Tolomei Gabriele, Waheed T., Marchetti E., Calabrò Antonello., Rossetti G., Stella Massimo, Cazabet Rémy, Abramski K., Cau E., Citraro S., Failla A., Mesina V., Morini V., Pansanella V., Colantonio S., Germanese D., Pascali M. A., Bianchi L., Messina N., Falchi F., Barsellotti L., Pacini G., Cassese M., Puccetti G., Esuli A., Volpi L., Moreo Alejandro, Sebastiani F., Sperduti G., Nguyen Dong, Broccia G., Ter Beek M. H., Ferrari A., Massink M., Belmonte Gina, Ciancia V., Papini O., Canapa G., Catricalà B., Manca M., Paternò F., Santoro C., Zedda E., Gallo S., Maenza S., Mattioli A., Simeoli L., Rucci D., Carlini E., Dazzi P., Kavalionak H., Mordacchini M., Rulli C., Muntean Cristina Ioana, Nardini F. M., Perego R., Rocchietti G., Lettich F., Renso C., Pugliese C., Casini G., Haldimann Jonas, Meyer Thomas, Assante M., Candela L., Dell'Amico A., Frosini L., Mangiacrapa F., Oliviero A., Pagano P., Panichi G., Peccerillo B., Procaccini M., Mannocci A., Manghi P., Lonetti F., Kang Dongjae, Di Giandomenico F., Jee Eunkyoung, Lazzini G., Conti F., Scopigno R., D'Acunto M., Moroni D., Cafiso M., Paradisi P., Callieri M., Pavoni G., Corsini M., De Falco A., Sala F., Saraceni Q., Gattiglia Gabriele
ISTI-Day is an annual information and networking event organized by the Institute of Information Science and Technologies "A. Faedo" (ISTI) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). This event features an opening talk of the Director of the Dept. DIITET (Emilio F. Campana) as well as an overview of the Institute's activities presented by the ISTI Director (Roberto Scopigno). Those institutional segments are complemented by dedicated presentations and round tables featuring former staff members, as well as internal and external collaborators. To foster a network of knowledge and collaboration among newcomers, the 2025 ISTI Day edition also includes a large poster session that provides a comprehensive overview of current research activities. Each of the 13 laboratories contributes 1–3 posters, highlighting the most innovative work and offering early-career researchers a platform for discussion. Thus these proceedings include the posters selected for ISTI-Day 2025, reflecting the diverse and innovative nature of the Institute's research.

See at: CNR IRIS Open Access | www.isti.cnr.it Open Access | CNR IRIS Restricted