2011
Journal article
Open Access
Geographical information system and environmental epidemiology: a cross-sectional spatial analysis of the effects of traffic-related air pollution on population respiratory health.
Nuvolone D, Della Maggiore R, Maio S, Fresco R, Baldacci S, Carrozzi L, Pistelli F, Viegi G
Atmospheric pollution GIS Environmental and Occupational Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Public Health Health Research Epidemiology K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
Background: Traffic-related air pollution is a potential risk factor for human respiratory health. A Geographical Information System (GIS) approach was used to examine whether distance from a main road (the Tosco-Romagnola road) affected respiratory health status. Methods: We used data collected during an epidemiological survey performed in the Pisa-Cascina area (central Italy) in the period 1991-93. A total of 2841 subjects participated in the survey and filled out a standardized questionnaire on health status, socio-demographic information, and personal habits. A variable proportion of subjects performed lung function and allergy tests. Highly exposed subjects were defined as those living within 100 m of the main road, moderately exposed as those living between 100 and 250 m from the road, and unexposed as those living between 250 and 800 m from the road. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the risks for respiratory symptoms and diseases between exposed and unexposed. All analyses were stratified by gender. Results: The study comprised 2062 subjects: mean age was 45.9 years for men and 48.9 years for women. Compared to subjects living between 250 m and 800 m from the main road, subjects living within 100 m of the main road had increased adjusted risks for persistent wheeze (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.08-2.87), COPD diagnosis (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.03-3.08), and reduced FEV(1)/FVC ratio (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.11-3.87) among males, and for dyspnea (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.13-2.27), positivity to skin prick test (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.11-3.00), asthma diagnosis (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 0.97-2.88) and attacks of shortness of breath with wheeze (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 0.98-2.84) among females. Conclusion: This study points out the potential effects of traffic-related air pollution on respiratory health status, including lung function impairment. It also highlights the added value of GIS in environmental health research.
Source: Environmental health (London. 2002. Online) 10 (2011): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-12
Publisher: BioMed Central,, [London] , Regno Unito
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Technical Report. Annual European Community LRTAP Convention emission inventory report 1990-2006. 2007
D'Amato, G. Urban air pollution and respiratory allergy. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2004; 57: 136-140
Groneberg-Kloft, B, Kraus, T, Mark, A, Wagner, U, Fischer, A. Analysing the causes of chronic cough: relation to diesel exhaust, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and other environmental factors. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006; 18: 1-6
Pope, CA, Burnett, RT, Thun, MJ, Calle, EE, Krewski, D, Ito, K, Thurston, GD. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002; 287: 1132-1141
Fusco, D, Forastiere, F, Michelozzi, P, Spadea, T, Ostro, B, Arca, M, Perucci, CA. Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy. Eur Respir J. 2001; 17: 1143-1150
Ponce de Leon, A, Anderson, HR, Bland, JM, Strachan, DP, Bower, J. Effects of air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory disease in London between 1987-88 and 1991-92. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996; 50: 63-70
Spix, C, Anderson, HR, Schwartz, J, Vigotti, MA, Le Tretre, A, Vonk, JM. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions of respiratory diseases in Europe: a quantitative summary of APHEA study results. Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach. Arch Environ Health. 1998; 53: 54-64
Wong, CM, Atkinson, RW, Anderson, HR, Hedley, AJ, Ma, S, Chau, PY, Lam, TH. A tale of two cities: effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Hong Kong and London compared. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110: 67-77
Garshick, E, Laden, F, Hart, JE, Caron, A. Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in U.S. veterans. Epidemiology. 2003; 14: 728-736
Kim, JJ, Smorodinsky, S, Lipsett, M, Singer, BC, Hodgson, AT, Ostro, B. Traffic related air pollution near busy roads. The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170: 520-526
Morris, SE, Sale, RC, Wakefield, JC, Falconer, S, Elliott, P, Boucher, BJ. Hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in East London hospitals and proximity of residence to main roads. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000; 54: 75-76
Schikowski, T, Sugiri, D, Ranft, U, Gehring, U, Heinrich, J, Wichmann, HE, Krämer, U. Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women. Respir Res. 2005; 6: 152
Becklake, MR. Gender differences in airway behaviour (physiology) over the human lifespan. Eur Respir Mon. 2003; 25: 28-36
Bellander, T, Berglind, N, Gustavsson, P, Jonson, T, Nyberg, F, Pershagen, G, Järup, L. Using geographic information systems to assess individual historical exposure to air pollution from traffic and house heating in Stockholm. Environ Health Perspect. 2001; 109: 633-639
Rebolj, D, Sturm, P. A GIS based component-oriented integrated system for estimation, visualization and analysis of a road traffic air pollution. Environmental Modelling & Software. 1999; 14: 531-539
Ehrenstein, OSV, von Mutius, E, Nicolai, T. Prevalence of asthma, BHR and atopy in children reporting increased exposure to traffic jam in Munich. Epidemiology. 1999; 10: S171
Heinrich, J, Topp, R, Gehring, U, Thefeld, W. Traffic at residential address, respiratory health, and atopy in adults: the National German Health Survey 1998. Environ Res. 2004; 98: 240-249
McConnell, R, Berhane, K, Yao, L, Jerrett, M, Lurmann, F, Gilliland, F, Künzli, N, Gauderman, J, Avol, E, Thomas, D, Peters, J. Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114: 766-772
Venn, AJ, Lewis, SA, Cooper, M, Hubbard, R, Britton, J. Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164: 2177-2180
Carr, D, von Ehrenstein, O, Weiland, S, Wagner, C, Wellie, O, Nicolai, T, von Mutius, E. Modeling annual benzene, toluene, NO2, and soot concentrations on the basis of road traffic characteristics. Environ Res. 2002; 90: 111-118
Hoek, G, Fischer, P, Van Den Brandt, P, Goldbohm, S, Brunekreef, B. Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2001; 11: 459-469
Janssen, NA, Brunekreef, B, van Vliet, P, Aarts, F, Meliefste, K, Harssema, H, Fischer, P. The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 1512-1518
Zmirou, D, Gauvin, S, Pin, I, Momas, I, Sahraoui, F, Just, J, Le Moullec, Y, Brémont, F, Cassadou, S, Reungoat, P, Albertini, M, Lauvergne, N, Chiron, M, Labbé, A. Traffic-related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: results of the VESTA case control study. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2004; 58: 18-23
Heinrich, J, Gehring, U, Cyrys, J, Hoek, G, Fischer, P, Bellander, T, Brunekreef, B. Exposure to traffic related air pollutants: self reported traffic intensity versus GIS modelled exposure. Occup Environ Med. 2005; 62: 517-523
Held, T, Chang, DPY, Niemeier, DA. UCD 2001: an improved model to simulate pollutant dispersion from roadways. Atmos Environ. 2003; 37: 5325-5336
Hertel, O, De Leeuw, FAAM, Raaschou-Nielsen, O, Jensen, SS, Gee, D, Herbarth, O, Pryor, S, Palmgren, F, Olsen, E. Human exposure to outdoor air pollution. Pure Appl Chem. 2001; 73: 933-958
Briggs, DJ, de Hoogh, C, Gulliver, J, Wills, J, Elliott, P, Kingham, S, Smallbone, K. A regression-based method for mapping traffic-related air pollution: application and testing in four contrasting urban environments. Sci Total Environ. 2000; 253: 151-167
Pierse, N, Rushton, L, Harris, RS, Kuehni, CE, Silverman, M, Grigg, J. Locally generated particulate pollution and respiratory symptoms in young children. Thorax. 2006; 61: 216-220
Viegi, G, Paoletti, P, Carrozzi, L, Vellutini, M, Diviggiano, E, Di Pede, C, Pistelli, G, Giuntini, G, Lebowitz, MD. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in Italian general population samples, exposed to different levels of air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 1991; 94: 95-99
Viegi, G, Pedreschi, M, Baldacci, S, Chiaffi, L, Pistelli, F, Modena, P, Vellutini, M, Di Pede, F, Carrozzi, L. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and diseases in general population samples of North and Central Italy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999; 3: 1034-1042
Maio, S, Baldacci, S, Carrozzi, L, Polverino, E, Angino, A, Pistelli, F, Di Pede, F, Simoni, M, Sherrill, D, Viegi, G. Urban residence is associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Italian sgeneral population samples. Chest. 2009; 135: 434-441
Viegi, G, Carrozzi, L, Paoletti, P, Vellutini, M, Diviggiano, E, Baldacci, S, Modena, P, Pedreschi, M, Mammini, U, Di Pede, C, Giuntini, G. Effects of the home environment on respiratory symptoms of a general population sample in Middle Italy. Arch Environ Health. 1992; 47: 64-70
Simoni, M, Jaakkola, MS, Carrozzi, L, Baldacci, S, Di Pede, F, Viegi, G. Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly. Eur Respir J. 2003; 40: 15-20
Simoni, M, Scognamiglio, A, Carrozzi, L, Baldacci, S, Angino, A, Pistelli, F, Di Pede, F, Viegi, G. Indoor exposures and acute respiratory effects in two general population samples from a rural and an urban area in Italy. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2004; 14: 144-152
Baldacci, S, Carrozzi, L, Viegi, G, Giuntini, C. Assessment of respiratory effect of air pollution: study design on general population samples. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1997; 16: 77-83
Pistelli, F, Bottai, M, Carrozzi, L, Baldacci, S, Simoni, M, Di Pede, F, Viegi, G. Reference equations for spirometry from a general population sample in central Italy. Respiratory Medicine. 2007; 101: 814-825
Lindgren, A, Stroh, E, Montnémery, P, Nihlén, U, Jakobsson, K, Axmon, A. Traffic-related air pollution associated with prevalence of asthma and COPD/chronic bronchitis. A cross-sectional study in Southern Sweden. International Journal of Health Geographics. 2009; 8: 2
Cesaroni, G, Badaloni, C, Porta, D, Forastiere, F, Peducci, CA. Comparison between several indices of exposure to traffic-related air pollution and their respiratory health impact in adults. Occup Environ Med. 2008; 65: 683-690
Bayer-Oglesby, L, Schindler, C, Hazenkamp-von Arx, ME, Braun-Fahrlander, C, Keidel, D, Rapp, R, Künzli, N, Braendli, O, Burdet, L, Liu, LJS, Leuenberger, P, Ackermann-Liebrich, U. Living near main streets and respiratory symptoms in adults: the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2006; 164: 1190-1198
Kan, H, Heiss, G, Rose, KM, Whitsel, E, Lurmann, F, London, SJ. Traffic exposure and lung function in adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Thorax. 2007; 62: 873-879
Gauderman, WJ, Vora, H, McConnell, R, Berhane, K, Gilliland, F, Thomas, D, Lurmann, F, Avol, E, Kunzli, N, Jerrett, M, Peters, J. Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study. Lancet. 2007; 369: 571-577
Forbes, LJL, Kapetanakis, V, Rudnicka, AR, Cook, DG, Bush, T, Stedman, JR, Whincup, PH, Strachan, DP, Anderson, HR. Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults. Thorax. 2009; 64: 657-663
Abbey, DE, Burchette, RJ, Knutsen, SF, McDonnel, WF, Lebowitz, MD, Enright, PL. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158: 289-298
Paoletti, P, Prediletto, R, Carrozzi, L, Viegi, G, Di Pede, F, Carmignani, G, Mammini, U, Giuntini, C, Lebowitz, MD. Effects of childhood and adolescence-adulthood respiratory infections in a general population. Eur Respir J. 1989; 2: 428-436
Morgenstern, V, Zutavern, A, Cyrys, J, Brockow, I, Koletzko, S, Krämer, U, Behrendt, H, Herbarth, O, von Berg, A, Bauer, CP, Wichmann, HE, Heinrich, J. Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 177: 1331-1337
Annesi-Maesano, I, Moreau, D, Caillaud, D, Lavaud, F, Le Moullec, Y, Taytard, A, Pauli, G, Charpin, D. Residential proximity fine particles related to allergic sensitisation and asthma in primary school children. Respir Med. 2007; 101: 1721-1729
Zandbergen, PA. Influence of geocoding quality on environmental exposure assessment of children living near high traffic roads. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7: 37
Rushton, G, Armstrong, MP, Gittler, J, Greene, B, Pavlik, CE, West, MW, Zimmerman, DL. Geocoding in cancer research: a review. Am J Prev Med. 2006; 30: 16-24
Ward, MH, Nuckols, JR, Giglierano, J, Bonner, MR, Wolter, C, Airola, M, Mix, W, Colt, JS, Hartge, P. Positional accuracy of two methods of geocoding. Epidemiology. 2005; 16: 542-547
Whitsel, EA, Quibrera, PM, Smith, RL, Catellier, DJ, Liao, D, Henley, AC, Heiss, G. Accuracy of commercial geocoding: assessment and implications. Epi Persp Innovations. 2006; 3: 8
Oliver, MN, Matthews, KA, Siadaty, M, Hauck, FR, Pickle, LW. Geographic bias related to geocoding in epidemiologic studies. Int J Health Geogr. 2005; 4: 29
Bonner, MR, Han, D, Nie, J, Rogerson, P, Vena, JE, Freudenheim, JL. Positional accuracy of geocoded addresses in epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 2003; 14: 408-412
Cayo, MR, Talbot, TO. Positional error in automated geocoding of residential addresses. Int J Health Geographics. 2003; 2: 10
2. D'Amato G: Urban air pollution and respiratory allergy. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2004, 57:136-140.
3. Groneberg-Kloft B, Kraus T, Mark A, Wagner U, Fischer A: Analysing the causes of chronic cough: relation to diesel exhaust, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and other environmental factors. J Occup Med Toxicol 2006, 18:1-6.
4. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD: Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002, 287:1132-1141.
5. Fusco D, Forastiere F, Michelozzi P, Spadea T, Ostro B, Arca M, Perucci CA: Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy. Eur Respir J 2001, 17:1143-1150.
6. Ponce de Leon A, Anderson HR, Bland JM, Strachan DP, Bower J: Effects of air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory disease in London between 1987-88 and 1991-92. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996, 50:63-70.
7. Spix C, Anderson HR, Schwartz J, Vigotti MA, Le Tretre A, Vonk JM: Shortterm effects of air pollution on hospital admissions of respiratory diseases in Europe: a quantitative summary of APHEA study results. Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach. Arch Environ Health 1998, 53:54-64.
8. Wong CM, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Hedley AJ, Ma S, Chau PY, Lam TH: A tale of two cities: effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Hong Kong and London compared. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110:67-77.
9. Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE, Caron A: Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in U.S. veterans. Epidemiology 2003, 14:728-736.
10. Kim JJ, Smorodinsky S, Lipsett M, Singer BC, Hodgson AT, Ostro B: Traffic related air pollution near busy roads. The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:520-526.
11. Morris SE, Sale RC, Wakefield JC, Falconer S, Elliott P, Boucher BJ: Hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in East London hospitals and proximity of residence to main roads. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000, 54:75-76.
12. Schikowski T, Sugiri D, Ranft U, Gehring U, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE, Krämer U: Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women. Respir Res 2005, 6:152.
13. Becklake MR: Gender differences in airway behaviour (physiology) over the human lifespan. Eur Respir Mon 2003, 25:28-36.
14. Bellander T, Berglind N, Gustavsson P, Jonson T, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, Järup L: Using geographic information systems to assess individual historical exposure to air pollution from traffic and house heating in Stockholm. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109:633-639.
15. Rebolj D, Sturm P: A GIS based component-oriented integrated system for estimation, visualization and analysis of a road traffic air pollution. Environmental Modelling & Software 1999, 14:531-539.
16. Ehrenstein OSV, von Mutius E, Nicolai T, et al: Prevalence of asthma, BHR and atopy in children reporting increased exposure to traffic jam in Munich. Epidemiology 1999, 10:S171.
17. Heinrich J, Topp R, Gehring U, Thefeld W: Traffic at residential address, respiratory health, and atopy in adults: the National German Health Survey 1998. Environ Res 2004, 98:240-249.
18. McConnell R, Berhane K, Yao L, Jerrett M, Lurmann F, Gilliland F, Künzli N, Gauderman J, Avol E, Thomas D, Peters J: Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:766-772.
19. Venn AJ, Lewis SA, Cooper M, Hubbard R, Britton J: Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:2177-2180.
20. Carr D, von Ehrenstein O, Weiland S, Wagner C, Wellie O, Nicolai T, von Mutius E: Modeling annual benzene, toluene, NO2, and soot concentrations on the basis of road traffic characteristics. Environ Res 2002, 90:111-118.
21. Hoek G, Fischer P, Van Den Brandt P, Goldbohm S, Brunekreef B: Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2001, 11:459-469.
22. Janssen NA, Brunekreef B, van Vliet P, Aarts F, Meliefste K, Harssema H, Fischer P: The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111:1512-1518.
23. Zmirou D, Gauvin S, Pin I, Momas I, Sahraoui F, Just J, Le Moullec Y, Brémont F, Cassadou S, Reungoat P, Albertini M, Lauvergne N, Chiron M, Labbé A: Traffic-related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: results of the VESTA case control study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2004, 58:18-23.
24. Heinrich J, Gehring U, Cyrys J, Hoek G, Fischer P, Bellander T, Brunekreef B: Exposure to traffic related air pollutants: self reported traffic intensity versus GIS modelled exposure. Occup Environ Med 2005, 62:517-523.
25. Held T, Chang DPY, Niemeier DA: UCD 2001: an improved model to simulate pollutant dispersion from roadways. Atmos Environ 2003, 37:5325-5336.
26. Hertel O, De Leeuw FAAM, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Jensen SS, Gee D, Herbarth O, Pryor S, Palmgren F, Olsen E: Human exposure to outdoor air pollution. Pure Appl Chem 2001, 73:933-958.
27. Briggs DJ, de Hoogh C, Gulliver J, Wills J, Elliott P, Kingham S, Smallbone K: A regression-based method for mapping traffic-related air pollution: application and testing in four contrasting urban environments. Sci Total Environ 2000, 253:151-167.
28. Pierse N, Rushton L, Harris RS, Kuehni CE, Silverman M, Grigg J: Locally generated particulate pollution and respiratory symptoms in young children. Thorax 2006, 61:216-220.
29. Viegi G, Paoletti P, Carrozzi L, Vellutini M, Diviggiano E, Di Pede C, Pistelli G, Giuntini G, Lebowitz MD: Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in Italian general population samples, exposed to different levels of air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 1991, 94:95-99.
30. Viegi G, Pedreschi M, Baldacci S, Chiaffi L, Pistelli F, Modena P, Vellutini M, Di Pede F, Carrozzi L: Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and diseases in general population samples of North and Central Italy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999, 3:1034-1042.
31. Maio S, Baldacci S, Carrozzi L, Polverino E, Angino A, Pistelli F, Di Pede F, Simoni M, Sherrill D, Viegi G: Urban residence is associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Italian sgeneral population samples. Chest 2009, 135:434-441.
32. Viegi G, Carrozzi L, Paoletti P, Vellutini M, Diviggiano E, Baldacci S, Modena P, Pedreschi M, Mammini U, Di Pede C, Giuntini G: Effects of the home environment on respiratory symptoms of a general population sample in Middle Italy. Arch Environ Health 1992, 47:64-70.
33. Simoni M, Jaakkola MS, Carrozzi L, Baldacci S, Di Pede F, Viegi G: Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly. Eur Respir J 2003, 40:15-20.
34. Simoni M, Scognamiglio A, Carrozzi L, Baldacci S, Angino A, Pistelli F, Di Pede F, Viegi G: Indoor exposures and acute respiratory effects in two general population samples from a rural and an urban area in Italy. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004, 14:144-152.
35. Baldacci S, Carrozzi L, Viegi G, Giuntini C: Assessment of respiratory effect of air pollution: study design on general population samples. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1997, 16:77-83.
36. Pistelli F, Bottai M, Carrozzi L, Baldacci S, Simoni M, Di Pede F, Viegi G: Reference equations for spirometry from a general population sample in central Italy. Respiratory Medicine 2007, 101:814-825.
37. Lindgren A, Stroh E, Montnémery P, Nihlén U, Jakobsson K, Axmon A: Traffic-related air pollution associated with prevalence of asthma and COPD/chronic bronchitis. A cross-sectional study in Southern Sweden. International Journal of Health Geographics 2009, 8:2.
38. Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Porta D, Forastiere F, Peducci CA: Comparison between several indices of exposure to traffic-related air pollution and their respiratory health impact in adults. Occup Environ Med 2008, 65:683-690.
39. Bayer-Oglesby L, Schindler C, Hazenkamp-von Arx ME, Braun-Fahrlander C, Keidel D, Rapp R, Künzli N, Braendli O, Burdet L, Liu LJS, Leuenberger P, Ackermann-Liebrich U, the SAPALDIA Team: Living near main streets and respiratory symptoms in adults: the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 164:1190-1198.
40. Kan H, Heiss G, Rose KM, Whitsel E, Lurmann F, London SJ: Traffic exposure and lung function in adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Thorax 2007, 62:873-879.
41. Gauderman WJ, Vora H, McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, Thomas D, Lurmann F, Avol E, Kunzli N, Jerrett M, Peters J: Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study. Lancet 2007, 369:571-577.
42. Forbes LJL, Kapetanakis V, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Bush T, Stedman JR, Whincup PH, Strachan DP, Anderson HR: Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults. Thorax 2009, 64:657-663.
43. Abbey DE, Burchette RJ, Knutsen SF, McDonnel WF, Lebowitz MD, Enright PL: Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 158:289-298.
44. Paoletti P, Prediletto R, Carrozzi L, Viegi G, Di Pede F, Carmignani G, Mammini U, Giuntini C, Lebowitz MD: Effects of childhood and adolescence-adulthood respiratory infections in a general population. Eur Respir J 1989, 2:428-436.
45. Morgenstern V, Zutavern A, Cyrys J, Brockow I, Koletzko S, Krämer U, Behrendt H, Herbarth O, von Berg A, Bauer CP, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J, GINI Study Group, LISA Study Group: Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177:1331-1337.
46. Annesi-Maesano I, Moreau D, Caillaud D, Lavaud F, Le Moullec Y, Taytard A, Pauli G, Charpin D: Residential proximity fine particles related to allergic sensitisation and asthma in primary school children. Respir Med 2007, 101:1721-1729.
47. Zandbergen PA: Influence of geocoding quality on environmental exposure assessment of children living near high traffic roads. BMC Public Health 2007, 7:37.
48. Rushton G, Armstrong MP, Gittler J, Greene B, Pavlik CE, West MW, Zimmerman DL: Geocoding in cancer research: a review. Am J Prev Med 2006, 30:16-24.
49. Ward MH, Nuckols JR, Giglierano J, Bonner MR, Wolter C, Airola M, Mix W, Colt JS, Hartge P: Positional accuracy of two methods of geocoding. Epidemiology 2005, 16:542-547.
50. Whitsel EA, Quibrera PM, Smith RL, Catellier DJ, Liao D, Henley AC, Heiss G: Accuracy of commercial geocoding: assessment and implications. Epi Persp Innovations 2006, 3:8.
51. Oliver MN, Matthews KA, Siadaty M, Hauck FR, Pickle LW: Geographic bias related to geocoding in epidemiologic studies. Int J Health Geogr 2005, 4:29.
52. Bonner MR, Han D, Nie J, Rogerson P, Vena JE, Freudenheim JL: Positional accuracy of geocoded addresses in epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 2003, 14:408-412.
53. Cayo MR, Talbot TO: Positional error in automated geocoding of residential addresses. Int J Health Geographics 2003, 2:10.
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Wong, CM, Atkinson, RW, Anderson, HR, Hedley, AJ, Ma, S, Chau, PY, Lam, TH. A tale of two cities: effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Hong Kong and London compared. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110: 67-77
Garshick, E, Laden, F, Hart, JE, Caron, A. Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in U.S. veterans. Epidemiology. 2003; 14: 728-736
Kim, JJ, Smorodinsky, S, Lipsett, M, Singer, BC, Hodgson, AT, Ostro, B. Traffic related air pollution near busy roads. The East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170: 520-526
Morris, SE, Sale, RC, Wakefield, JC, Falconer, S, Elliott, P, Boucher, BJ. Hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in East London hospitals and proximity of residence to main roads. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000; 54: 75-76
Schikowski, T, Sugiri, D, Ranft, U, Gehring, U, Heinrich, J, Wichmann, HE, Krämer, U. Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women. Respir Res. 2005; 6: 152
Becklake, MR. Gender differences in airway behaviour (physiology) over the human lifespan. Eur Respir Mon. 2003; 25: 28-36
Bellander, T, Berglind, N, Gustavsson, P, Jonson, T, Nyberg, F, Pershagen, G, Järup, L. Using geographic information systems to assess individual historical exposure to air pollution from traffic and house heating in Stockholm. Environ Health Perspect. 2001; 109: 633-639
Rebolj, D, Sturm, P. A GIS based component-oriented integrated system for estimation, visualization and analysis of a road traffic air pollution. Environmental Modelling & Software. 1999; 14: 531-539
Ehrenstein, OSV, von Mutius, E, Nicolai, T. Prevalence of asthma, BHR and atopy in children reporting increased exposure to traffic jam in Munich. Epidemiology. 1999; 10: S171
Heinrich, J, Topp, R, Gehring, U, Thefeld, W. Traffic at residential address, respiratory health, and atopy in adults: the National German Health Survey 1998. Environ Res. 2004; 98: 240-249
McConnell, R, Berhane, K, Yao, L, Jerrett, M, Lurmann, F, Gilliland, F, Künzli, N, Gauderman, J, Avol, E, Thomas, D, Peters, J. Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114: 766-772
Venn, AJ, Lewis, SA, Cooper, M, Hubbard, R, Britton, J. Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164: 2177-2180
Carr, D, von Ehrenstein, O, Weiland, S, Wagner, C, Wellie, O, Nicolai, T, von Mutius, E. Modeling annual benzene, toluene, NO2, and soot concentrations on the basis of road traffic characteristics. Environ Res. 2002; 90: 111-118
Hoek, G, Fischer, P, Van Den Brandt, P, Goldbohm, S, Brunekreef, B. Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2001; 11: 459-469
Janssen, NA, Brunekreef, B, van Vliet, P, Aarts, F, Meliefste, K, Harssema, H, Fischer, P. The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 1512-1518
Zmirou, D, Gauvin, S, Pin, I, Momas, I, Sahraoui, F, Just, J, Le Moullec, Y, Brémont, F, Cassadou, S, Reungoat, P, Albertini, M, Lauvergne, N, Chiron, M, Labbé, A. Traffic-related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: results of the VESTA case control study. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2004; 58: 18-23
Heinrich, J, Gehring, U, Cyrys, J, Hoek, G, Fischer, P, Bellander, T, Brunekreef, B. Exposure to traffic related air pollutants: self reported traffic intensity versus GIS modelled exposure. Occup Environ Med. 2005; 62: 517-523
Held, T, Chang, DPY, Niemeier, DA. UCD 2001: an improved model to simulate pollutant dispersion from roadways. Atmos Environ. 2003; 37: 5325-5336
Hertel, O, De Leeuw, FAAM, Raaschou-Nielsen, O, Jensen, SS, Gee, D, Herbarth, O, Pryor, S, Palmgren, F, Olsen, E. Human exposure to outdoor air pollution. Pure Appl Chem. 2001; 73: 933-958
Briggs, DJ, de Hoogh, C, Gulliver, J, Wills, J, Elliott, P, Kingham, S, Smallbone, K. A regression-based method for mapping traffic-related air pollution: application and testing in four contrasting urban environments. Sci Total Environ. 2000; 253: 151-167
Pierse, N, Rushton, L, Harris, RS, Kuehni, CE, Silverman, M, Grigg, J. Locally generated particulate pollution and respiratory symptoms in young children. Thorax. 2006; 61: 216-220
Viegi, G, Paoletti, P, Carrozzi, L, Vellutini, M, Diviggiano, E, Di Pede, C, Pistelli, G, Giuntini, G, Lebowitz, MD. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in Italian general population samples, exposed to different levels of air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 1991; 94: 95-99
Viegi, G, Pedreschi, M, Baldacci, S, Chiaffi, L, Pistelli, F, Modena, P, Vellutini, M, Di Pede, F, Carrozzi, L. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and diseases in general population samples of North and Central Italy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999; 3: 1034-1042
Maio, S, Baldacci, S, Carrozzi, L, Polverino, E, Angino, A, Pistelli, F, Di Pede, F, Simoni, M, Sherrill, D, Viegi, G. Urban residence is associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Italian sgeneral population samples. Chest. 2009; 135: 434-441
Viegi, G, Carrozzi, L, Paoletti, P, Vellutini, M, Diviggiano, E, Baldacci, S, Modena, P, Pedreschi, M, Mammini, U, Di Pede, C, Giuntini, G. Effects of the home environment on respiratory symptoms of a general population sample in Middle Italy. Arch Environ Health. 1992; 47: 64-70
Simoni, M, Jaakkola, MS, Carrozzi, L, Baldacci, S, Di Pede, F, Viegi, G. Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly. Eur Respir J. 2003; 40: 15-20
Simoni, M, Scognamiglio, A, Carrozzi, L, Baldacci, S, Angino, A, Pistelli, F, Di Pede, F, Viegi, G. Indoor exposures and acute respiratory effects in two general population samples from a rural and an urban area in Italy. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2004; 14: 144-152
Baldacci, S, Carrozzi, L, Viegi, G, Giuntini, C. Assessment of respiratory effect of air pollution: study design on general population samples. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1997; 16: 77-83
Pistelli, F, Bottai, M, Carrozzi, L, Baldacci, S, Simoni, M, Di Pede, F, Viegi, G. Reference equations for spirometry from a general population sample in central Italy. Respiratory Medicine. 2007; 101: 814-825
Lindgren, A, Stroh, E, Montnémery, P, Nihlén, U, Jakobsson, K, Axmon, A. Traffic-related air pollution associated with prevalence of asthma and COPD/chronic bronchitis. A cross-sectional study in Southern Sweden. International Journal of Health Geographics. 2009; 8: 2
Cesaroni, G, Badaloni, C, Porta, D, Forastiere, F, Peducci, CA. Comparison between several indices of exposure to traffic-related air pollution and their respiratory health impact in adults. Occup Environ Med. 2008; 65: 683-690
Bayer-Oglesby, L, Schindler, C, Hazenkamp-von Arx, ME, Braun-Fahrlander, C, Keidel, D, Rapp, R, Künzli, N, Braendli, O, Burdet, L, Liu, LJS, Leuenberger, P, Ackermann-Liebrich, U. Living near main streets and respiratory symptoms in adults: the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2006; 164: 1190-1198
Kan, H, Heiss, G, Rose, KM, Whitsel, E, Lurmann, F, London, SJ. Traffic exposure and lung function in adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Thorax. 2007; 62: 873-879
Gauderman, WJ, Vora, H, McConnell, R, Berhane, K, Gilliland, F, Thomas, D, Lurmann, F, Avol, E, Kunzli, N, Jerrett, M, Peters, J. Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study. Lancet. 2007; 369: 571-577
Forbes, LJL, Kapetanakis, V, Rudnicka, AR, Cook, DG, Bush, T, Stedman, JR, Whincup, PH, Strachan, DP, Anderson, HR. Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults. Thorax. 2009; 64: 657-663
Abbey, DE, Burchette, RJ, Knutsen, SF, McDonnel, WF, Lebowitz, MD, Enright, PL. Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158: 289-298
Paoletti, P, Prediletto, R, Carrozzi, L, Viegi, G, Di Pede, F, Carmignani, G, Mammini, U, Giuntini, C, Lebowitz, MD. Effects of childhood and adolescence-adulthood respiratory infections in a general population. Eur Respir J. 1989; 2: 428-436
Morgenstern, V, Zutavern, A, Cyrys, J, Brockow, I, Koletzko, S, Krämer, U, Behrendt, H, Herbarth, O, von Berg, A, Bauer, CP, Wichmann, HE, Heinrich, J. Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008; 177: 1331-1337
Annesi-Maesano, I, Moreau, D, Caillaud, D, Lavaud, F, Le Moullec, Y, Taytard, A, Pauli, G, Charpin, D. Residential proximity fine particles related to allergic sensitisation and asthma in primary school children. Respir Med. 2007; 101: 1721-1729
Zandbergen, PA. Influence of geocoding quality on environmental exposure assessment of children living near high traffic roads. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7: 37
Rushton, G, Armstrong, MP, Gittler, J, Greene, B, Pavlik, CE, West, MW, Zimmerman, DL. Geocoding in cancer research: a review. Am J Prev Med. 2006; 30: 16-24
Ward, MH, Nuckols, JR, Giglierano, J, Bonner, MR, Wolter, C, Airola, M, Mix, W, Colt, JS, Hartge, P. Positional accuracy of two methods of geocoding. Epidemiology. 2005; 16: 542-547
Whitsel, EA, Quibrera, PM, Smith, RL, Catellier, DJ, Liao, D, Henley, AC, Heiss, G. Accuracy of commercial geocoding: assessment and implications. Epi Persp Innovations. 2006; 3: 8
Oliver, MN, Matthews, KA, Siadaty, M, Hauck, FR, Pickle, LW. Geographic bias related to geocoding in epidemiologic studies. Int J Health Geogr. 2005; 4: 29
Bonner, MR, Han, D, Nie, J, Rogerson, P, Vena, JE, Freudenheim, JL. Positional accuracy of geocoded addresses in epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 2003; 14: 408-412
Cayo, MR, Talbot, TO. Positional error in automated geocoding of residential addresses. Int J Health Geographics. 2003; 2: 10
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BibTeX entry
@article{oai:it.cnr:prodotti:12659,
title = {Geographical information system and environmental epidemiology: a cross-sectional spatial analysis of the effects of traffic-related air pollution on population respiratory health.},
author = {Nuvolone D and Della Maggiore R and Maio S and Fresco R and Baldacci S and Carrozzi L and Pistelli F and Viegi G},
publisher = {BioMed Central,, [London] , Regno Unito},
doi = {10.1186/1476-069x-10-12},
journal = {Environmental health (London. 2002. Online)},
volume = {10},
pages = {1–12},
year = {2011}
}
0000-0001-7102-5131CNR ExploRA
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