2021
Journal article
Open Access
Automatic surface segmentation for seamless fabrication using 4-axis milling machines
Nuvoli S., Tola A., Muntoni A., Pietroni N., Gobbetti E., Scateni R.
Computer Graphics Geometry processing Digital fabrication Subtractive fabrication • Computing methodologies → Mesh geometry models
We introduce a novel geometry-processing pipeline to guide the fabrication of complex shapes from a single block of material using 4-axis CNC milling machines. This setup extends classical 3-axis CNC machining with an extra degree of freedom to rotate the object around a fixed axis. The first step of our pipeline identifies the rotation axis that maximizes the overall fabrication accuracy. Then we identify two height-field regions at the rotation axis's extremes used to secure the block on the rotation tool. We segment the remaining portion of the mesh into a set of height-fields whose principal directions are orthogonal to the rotation axis. The segmentation balances the approximation quality, the boundary smoothness, and the total number of patches. Additionally, the segmentation process takes into account the object's geometric features, as well as saliency information. The output is a set of meshes ready to be processed by off-the-shelf software for the 3-axis tool-path generation. We present several results to demonstrate the quality and efficiency of our approach to a range of inputs.
Source: COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM (ONLINE), vol. 40 (issue 2)
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[CLSA20] CHERCHI, GIANMARCO, LIVESU, MARCO, SCATENI, RICCARDO, and ATTENE, MARCO. “Fast and Robust Mesh Arrangements Using Floating-Point Arithmetic”. ACM Trans. Graph. 39.6 (2020), 250:1- 250:16. DOI: 10.1145/3414685.3417818 9.
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[FCM*18] FANNI, FILIPPO A., CHERCHI, GIANMARCO, MUNTONI, ALESSANDRO, et al. “Fabrication oriented shape decomposition using polycube mapping”. Computers & Graphics 77 (2018), 183-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.cag.2018.10.010 3.
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[FWJ06] FRANK, MATTHEW C, WYSK, RICHARD A, and JOSHI, SANJAY B. “Determining Setup Orientations From the Visibility of Slice Geometry for Rapid Computer Numerically Controlled Machining”. ASME. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 128.1 (2006), 228-238. DOI: 10 . 1115 / 1.2039100 3.
[GJ*14] GUENNEBAUD, GAEL, JACOB, BENOIT, et al. Eigen: a c++ linear algebra library. 2014. URL: http://eigen.tuxfamily.org 9.
[HLZC14] HU, RUIZHEN, LI, HONGHUA, ZHANG, HAO, and COHENOR, DANIEL. “Approximate Pyramidal Shape Decomposition”. ACM Trans. Graph. 33.6 (2014), 213:1-213:12. DOI: 10.1145/2661229. 2661244 2.
[HMA15] HERHOLZ, PHILIPP, MATUSIK, WOJCIECH, and ALEXA, MARC. “Approximating Free-form Geometry with Height Fields for Manufacturing”. Computer Graphics Forum 34.2 (2015), 239-251. DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12556 2.
[JP*16] JACOBSON, ALEC, PANOZZO, DANIELE, et al. libigl: A simple C++ geometry processing library. 2016. URL: https : / / libigl . github.io 9.
[LBRM12] LUO, LINJIE, BARAN, ILYA, RUSINKIEWICZ, SZYMON, and MATUSIK, WOJCIECH. “Chopper: partitioning models into 3D-printable parts”. ACM Trans. Graph. 31.6 (2012), 129:1-129:9 2.
[LVJ05] LEE, CHANG HA, VARSHNEY, AMITABH, and JACOBS, DAVID W. “Mesh Saliency”. ACM Trans. Graph. 24.3 (2005), 659-666. DOI: 10.1145/1073204.1073244 6.
[MC21] MUNTONI, ALESSANDRO and CIGNONI, PAOLO. PyMeshLab. Jan. 2021. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4438750 9.
[MLS*18] MUNTONI, ALESSANDRO, LIVESU, MARCO, SCATENI, RICCARDO, et al. “Axis-Aligned Height-Field Block Decomposition of 3D Shapes”. ACM Trans. Graph. 37.5 (2018), 169:1-169:15. DOI: 10. 1145/3204458 3, 4, 7.
[NKI*18] NGO, TUAN D., KASHANI, ALIREZA, IMBALZANO, GABRIELE, et al. “Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges”. Composites Part B: Engineering 143 (2018), 172-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02. 012 1, 2.
[SEPC16] SÁ, ASLA MEDEIROS E, ECHAVARRIA, KARINA RODRIGUEZ, PIETRONI, NICO, and CIGNONI, PAOLO. “State of The Art on Functional Fabrication”. Eurographics Workshop on Graphics for Digital Fabrication. 2016. DOI: 10.2312/gdf.20161073 2.
[SJ06] SWINBANK, RICHARD and JAMES PURSER, R. “Fibonacci grids: A novel approach to global modelling”. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 132.619 (2006), 1769-1793. DOI: 10.1256/qj. 05.227 5.
[SJHC01] SUH, S.H., JIH, W.S., HONG, H.D., and CHUNG, D.H. “Sculptured surface machining of spiral bevel gears with CNC milling”. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 41.6 (2001), 833-850. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6955(00)00104-8 2.
[Sor06] SORKINE, OLGA. “Differential Representations for Mesh Processing”. Computer Graphics Forum 25.4 (2006), 789-807. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1467-8659.2006.00999.x 7.
[Tan14] TANG, TRAN DUC. “Algorithms for collision detection and avoidance for five-axis NC machining: A state of the art review”. ComputerAided Design 51 (2014), 1-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cad.2014.02. 001 2.
[Tau95] TAUBIN, G. “Curve and surface smoothing without shrinkage”. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 1995, 852-857. DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.1995.466848 4.
[YAV*20] YANG, JINFAN, ARAUJO, CHRYSTIANO, VINING, NICHOLAS, et al. “DHFSlicer: Double Height-Field Slicing for Milling Fixed-Height Materials”. ACM Trans. Graph. 39.6 (2020), 205:1-205:17. DOI: 10. 1145/3414685.3417810 3.
[ZZX*18] ZHAO, HAISEN, ZHANG, HAO (RICHARD), XIN, SHIQING, et al. “DSCarver: Decompose-and-Spiral-Carve for Subtractive Manufacturing”. ACM Trans. Graph 37.4 (2018), 137:1-137:14. DOI: 10.1145/ 3197517.3201338 3, 5.
[ACP*14] ALEMANNO, GIUSEPPE, CIGNONI, PAOLO, PIETRONI, NICO, et al. “Interlocking Pieces for Printing Tangible Cultural Heritage Replicas”. Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage. Eurographics Association, 2014, 145-154. DOI: 10 . 2312 / gch . 20141312 2.
[AMG*18] ALDERIGHI, THOMAS, MALOMO, LUIGI, GIORGI, DANIELA, et al. “Metamolds: computational design of silicone molds”. ACM Trans. Graph. 37.4 (2018), 136:1-136:13. DOI: 10.1145/3197517. 3201381 2.
[BVZ01] BOYKOV, YURI, VEKSLER, OLGA, and ZABIH, RAMIN. “Fast approximate energy minimization via graph cuts”. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 23.11 (2001), 1222-1239. DOI: 10.1109/34.969114 5.
[CLSA20] CHERCHI, GIANMARCO, LIVESU, MARCO, SCATENI, RICCARDO, and ATTENE, MARCO. “Fast and Robust Mesh Arrangements Using Floating-Point Arithmetic”. ACM Trans. Graph. 39.6 (2020), 250:1- 250:16. DOI: 10.1145/3414685.3417818 9.
[CNR13] CNR. The Visualization and Computer Graphics Library. 2013. URL: http://vcg.isti.cnr.it/vcglib/ 9.
[CRS98] CIGNONI, PAOLO, ROCCHINI, CLAUDIO, and SCOPIGNO, ROBERTO. “Metro: measuring error on simplified surfaces”. Computer Graphics Forum. Vol. 17. 2. 1998, 167-174. DOI: 10.1111/1467- 8659.00236 9.
[CZL*15] CHEN, XUELIN, ZHANG, HAO, LIN, JINJIE, et al. “Dapper: decompose-and-pack for 3D printing”. ACM Trans. Graph. 34.6 (2015), 213:1-213:12. DOI: 10.1145/2816795.2818087 2.
[FAG*20] FILOSCIA, IRENE, ALDERIGHI, THOMAS, GIORGI, DANIELA, et al. “Optimizing Object Decomposition to Reduce Visual Artifacts in 3D Printing”. Computer Graphics Forum 39.2 (2020), 423-434. DOI: 10.1111/cgf.13941 2.
[FCM*18] FANNI, FILIPPO A., CHERCHI, GIANMARCO, MUNTONI, ALESSANDRO, et al. “Fabrication oriented shape decomposition using polycube mapping”. Computers & Graphics 77 (2018), 183-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.cag.2018.10.010 3.
[FP09] FABRI, ANDREAS and PION, SYLVAIN. “CGAL: The computational geometry algorithms library”. Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. 2009, 538-539. DOI: 10.1145/1653771.1653865 9.
[FWJ06] FRANK, MATTHEW C, WYSK, RICHARD A, and JOSHI, SANJAY B. “Determining Setup Orientations From the Visibility of Slice Geometry for Rapid Computer Numerically Controlled Machining”. ASME. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 128.1 (2006), 228-238. DOI: 10 . 1115 / 1.2039100 3.
[GJ*14] GUENNEBAUD, GAEL, JACOB, BENOIT, et al. Eigen: a c++ linear algebra library. 2014. URL: http://eigen.tuxfamily.org 9.
[HLZC14] HU, RUIZHEN, LI, HONGHUA, ZHANG, HAO, and COHENOR, DANIEL. “Approximate Pyramidal Shape Decomposition”. ACM Trans. Graph. 33.6 (2014), 213:1-213:12. DOI: 10.1145/2661229. 2661244 2.
[HMA15] HERHOLZ, PHILIPP, MATUSIK, WOJCIECH, and ALEXA, MARC. “Approximating Free-form Geometry with Height Fields for Manufacturing”. Computer Graphics Forum 34.2 (2015), 239-251. DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12556 2.
[JP*16] JACOBSON, ALEC, PANOZZO, DANIELE, et al. libigl: A simple C++ geometry processing library. 2016. URL: https : / / libigl . github.io 9.
[LBRM12] LUO, LINJIE, BARAN, ILYA, RUSINKIEWICZ, SZYMON, and MATUSIK, WOJCIECH. “Chopper: partitioning models into 3D-printable parts”. ACM Trans. Graph. 31.6 (2012), 129:1-129:9 2.
[LVJ05] LEE, CHANG HA, VARSHNEY, AMITABH, and JACOBS, DAVID W. “Mesh Saliency”. ACM Trans. Graph. 24.3 (2005), 659-666. DOI: 10.1145/1073204.1073244 6.
[MC21] MUNTONI, ALESSANDRO and CIGNONI, PAOLO. PyMeshLab. Jan. 2021. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4438750 9.
[MLS*18] MUNTONI, ALESSANDRO, LIVESU, MARCO, SCATENI, RICCARDO, et al. “Axis-Aligned Height-Field Block Decomposition of 3D Shapes”. ACM Trans. Graph. 37.5 (2018), 169:1-169:15. DOI: 10. 1145/3204458 3, 4, 7.
[NKI*18] NGO, TUAN D., KASHANI, ALIREZA, IMBALZANO, GABRIELE, et al. “Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges”. Composites Part B: Engineering 143 (2018), 172-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02. 012 1, 2.
[SEPC16] SÁ, ASLA MEDEIROS E, ECHAVARRIA, KARINA RODRIGUEZ, PIETRONI, NICO, and CIGNONI, PAOLO. “State of The Art on Functional Fabrication”. Eurographics Workshop on Graphics for Digital Fabrication. 2016. DOI: 10.2312/gdf.20161073 2.
[SJ06] SWINBANK, RICHARD and JAMES PURSER, R. “Fibonacci grids: A novel approach to global modelling”. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 132.619 (2006), 1769-1793. DOI: 10.1256/qj. 05.227 5.
[SJHC01] SUH, S.H., JIH, W.S., HONG, H.D., and CHUNG, D.H. “Sculptured surface machining of spiral bevel gears with CNC milling”. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 41.6 (2001), 833-850. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6955(00)00104-8 2.
[Sor06] SORKINE, OLGA. “Differential Representations for Mesh Processing”. Computer Graphics Forum 25.4 (2006), 789-807. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1467-8659.2006.00999.x 7.
[Tan14] TANG, TRAN DUC. “Algorithms for collision detection and avoidance for five-axis NC machining: A state of the art review”. ComputerAided Design 51 (2014), 1-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cad.2014.02. 001 2.
[Tau95] TAUBIN, G. “Curve and surface smoothing without shrinkage”. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 1995, 852-857. DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.1995.466848 4.
[YAV*20] YANG, JINFAN, ARAUJO, CHRYSTIANO, VINING, NICHOLAS, et al. “DHFSlicer: Double Height-Field Slicing for Milling Fixed-Height Materials”. ACM Trans. Graph. 39.6 (2020), 205:1-205:17. DOI: 10. 1145/3414685.3417810 3.
[ZZX*18] ZHAO, HAISEN, ZHANG, HAO (RICHARD), XIN, SHIQING, et al. “DSCarver: Decompose-and-Spiral-Carve for Subtractive Manufacturing”. ACM Trans. Graph 37.4 (2018), 137:1-137:14. DOI: 10.1145/ 3197517.3201338 3, 5.
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BibTeX entry
@article{oai:it.cnr:prodotti:454474,
title = {Automatic surface segmentation for seamless fabrication using 4-axis milling machines},
author = {Nuvoli S. and Tola A. and Muntoni A. and Pietroni N. and Gobbetti E. and Scateni R.},
doi = {10.1111/cgf.142625},
year = {2021}
}CNR authorsLaboratories
0000-0001-5502-3582
