2013
Journal article
Open Access
Envisat radar altimetry for coastal and inland waters: case-study of the Concordia ship to understand non-water targets using a tomographic technique
Gómezenri J, Scozzari A, Soldovieri F, Vignudelli S
Satellite altimetry systems use a nadir-looking radar to sense the water surface, in order to estimate water heights. Non-water targets (e.g. land, ships) are normally treated as contaminants of the pure radar signal reflected by the water surface. Despite the native low resolution of conventional altimetric platforms, there's still the possibility to extract information about eventual land or artificial scatterers inside the antenna footprint, giving the opportunity to better understand how to detect and eventually remove the associated electromagnetic artifacts. In this paper, we use a tomographic technique to retrieve useful information about the location and geometry of such particular targets. We show results from a case-study based on the Costa Concordia cruise ship, which smashed its hull on 13th of January 2012 against the coast of Giglio Island, a tiny piece of land in the Tuscan Archipelago (Italy) of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The ship is a strong artificial reflector located off-nadir with respect to the closest Envisat track (orbit 274) to the island. A signature in the Envisat waveforms due to the presence of the Concordia ship is revealed by a change-detection analysis applied to the tomographic reconstruction of the scene observed by the radar. The geometric characteristics of the ship and of the apparent electromagnetic target described in this paper are well compatible with the Concordia ship in its final position. The tomographic technique is therefore a promising tool to make a mapping of targets in coastal and inland waters, and to enhance the possibilities to mitigate such effects when dealing with water height measurements in the presence of such targets.Source: INTERNATIONAL WATER TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 3 (issue 2), pp. 60-69
Gómezenri J, Scozzari A, Soldovieri F, Vignudelli S
Satellite altimetry systems use a nadir-looking radar to sense the water surface, in order to estimate water heights. Non-water targets (e.g. land, ships) are normally treated as contaminants of the pure radar signal reflected by the water surface. Despite the native low resolution of conventional altimetric platforms, there's still the possibility to extract information about eventual land or artificial scatterers inside the antenna footprint, giving the opportunity to better understand how to detect and eventually remove the associated electromagnetic artifacts. In this paper, we use a tomographic technique to retrieve useful information about the location and geometry of such particular targets. We show results from a case-study based on the Costa Concordia cruise ship, which smashed its hull on 13th of January 2012 against the coast of Giglio Island, a tiny piece of land in the Tuscan Archipelago (Italy) of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The ship is a strong artificial reflector located off-nadir with respect to the closest Envisat track (orbit 274) to the island. A signature in the Envisat waveforms due to the presence of the Concordia ship is revealed by a change-detection analysis applied to the tomographic reconstruction of the scene observed by the radar. The geometric characteristics of the ship and of the apparent electromagnetic target described in this paper are well compatible with the Concordia ship in its final position. The tomographic technique is therefore a promising tool to make a mapping of targets in coastal and inland waters, and to enhance the possibilities to mitigate such effects when dealing with water height measurements in the presence of such targets.Source: INTERNATIONAL WATER TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, vol. 3 (issue 2), pp. 60-69
2013
Journal article
Open Access
Coherent ranging with Envisat radar altimeter: A new perspective in analyzing altimeter data using Doppler processing
Abileah R, Gomez Ej, Vignudelli S, Scozzari A
ESA's Envisat mission carried a RA-2 radar altimeter since its launch in 2002 to sense sea state and especiallymeasure sea surface height (SSH). The onboard processing combined multiple echoes incoherently to reduce Speckle noise and benefit from data compression. In fact, according to past literature the amplitudes were generally expected to be independent. Nevertheless, samples of complex data time series of individual echoes (IE) were down-linked and archived since 2004 for research studies. In this note we demonstrate that there is sufficient inter-pulse coherence for Doppler processing and we suggest that the archived data can be re-processed into improved SSH. This is of particular interest in challenging domains (e.g., coastal zone) where coherent processing can mitigate errors from ocean surface backscatter inhomogeneity and nearby land backscatter. A new method called zero-Doppler to process IEs is thus proposed and discussedSource: REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 139, pp. 271-276
DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.005
Metrics:
Abileah R, Gomez Ej, Vignudelli S, Scozzari A
ESA's Envisat mission carried a RA-2 radar altimeter since its launch in 2002 to sense sea state and especiallymeasure sea surface height (SSH). The onboard processing combined multiple echoes incoherently to reduce Speckle noise and benefit from data compression. In fact, according to past literature the amplitudes were generally expected to be independent. Nevertheless, samples of complex data time series of individual echoes (IE) were down-linked and archived since 2004 for research studies. In this note we demonstrate that there is sufficient inter-pulse coherence for Doppler processing and we suggest that the archived data can be re-processed into improved SSH. This is of particular interest in challenging domains (e.g., coastal zone) where coherent processing can mitigate errors from ocean surface backscatter inhomogeneity and nearby land backscatter. A new method called zero-Doppler to process IEs is thus proposed and discussedSource: REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, vol. 139, pp. 271-276
DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.005
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS 
| ISTI Repository | Remote Sensing of Environment 
| CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2013
Journal article
Open Access
Effective monitoring of landfills: flux measurements and thermography enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact
Battaglini R, Raco B, Scozzari A
This work presents a methodology for estimating the behaviour of a landfill system in terms of biogas release to the atmosphere. Despite the various positions towards the impact of methane on global warming, there is a general agreement about the fact that methane from landfill represents about 23% of the total anthropogenic CH4 released to the atmosphere. Despite the importance of this topic, no internationally accepted protocol exists to quantify the leakage of biogas from the landfill cover. To achieve this goal, this paper presents a field method based on accumulation chamber flux measurements. In addition, the results obtained from a nine-year-long monitoring activity on an Italian municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill are presented. The connection between such flux measurements of biogas release and thermal anomalies detected by infrared radiometry is also discussed. The main overall benefit of the presented approach is a significant increase in the recovered energy from the landfill site by means of an optimal collection of biogas, which implies a reduction of the total anthropogenic methane originated from the disposal of waste.Source: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING, vol. 10 (issue 6), pp. 064002-0640015
DOI: 10.1088/1742-2132/10/6/064002
Metrics:
Battaglini R, Raco B, Scozzari A
This work presents a methodology for estimating the behaviour of a landfill system in terms of biogas release to the atmosphere. Despite the various positions towards the impact of methane on global warming, there is a general agreement about the fact that methane from landfill represents about 23% of the total anthropogenic CH4 released to the atmosphere. Despite the importance of this topic, no internationally accepted protocol exists to quantify the leakage of biogas from the landfill cover. To achieve this goal, this paper presents a field method based on accumulation chamber flux measurements. In addition, the results obtained from a nine-year-long monitoring activity on an Italian municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill are presented. The connection between such flux measurements of biogas release and thermal anomalies detected by infrared radiometry is also discussed. The main overall benefit of the presented approach is a significant increase in the recovered energy from the landfill site by means of an optimal collection of biogas, which implies a reduction of the total anthropogenic methane originated from the disposal of waste.Source: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING, vol. 10 (issue 6), pp. 064002-0640015
DOI: 10.1088/1742-2132/10/6/064002
Metrics:
See at:
Journal of Geophysics and Engineering | CNR IRIS | iopscience.iop.org | CNR IRIS
2013
Contribution to journal
Restricted
Case-studies of potential applications for highly resolved shorelines
Abileah R, Scozzari A, Vignudelli S
A 30 years long archive of Landsat images represents an asset to map the temporal evolution of shorelines during such period. However, the native resolution of Landsat data is not accurate enough for most of applications. High resolution imagery could be used, unfortunately their availability is expensive, not available everywhere and with poor temporal resolution. In this poster, some case-studies of applications using a novel method to map accurately shorelines in inland waters are presented and discussed. Case studies have been selected according to their peculiarities, i.e. shoreline shape, type of water body, nature of the surrounding land, water level variability, etc. The potential to measure changes at land/water interface is also illustrated. This poster complements the results showed in a companion poster titled "Mapping shorelines to subpixel accuracy using Landsat imagery".Source: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ABSTRACTS, vol. 15 (issue EGU2013-9844)
Abileah R, Scozzari A, Vignudelli S
A 30 years long archive of Landsat images represents an asset to map the temporal evolution of shorelines during such period. However, the native resolution of Landsat data is not accurate enough for most of applications. High resolution imagery could be used, unfortunately their availability is expensive, not available everywhere and with poor temporal resolution. In this poster, some case-studies of applications using a novel method to map accurately shorelines in inland waters are presented and discussed. Case studies have been selected according to their peculiarities, i.e. shoreline shape, type of water body, nature of the surrounding land, water level variability, etc. The potential to measure changes at land/water interface is also illustrated. This poster complements the results showed in a companion poster titled "Mapping shorelines to subpixel accuracy using Landsat imagery".Source: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ABSTRACTS, vol. 15 (issue EGU2013-9844)
See at:
adsabs.harvard.edu | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2013
Contribution to journal
Restricted
Mapping shorelines to subpixel accuracy using landsat imagery
Abileah R, Vignudelli S, Scozzari A
A promising method to accurately map the shoreline of oceans, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers is proposed and verified in this work. The method is applied to multispectral satellite imagery in two stages. The first stage is a classification of each image pixel into land/water categories using the conventional 'dark pixel' method. The approach presented here, makes use of a single shortwave IR image band (SWIR), if available. It is well known that SWIR has the least water leaving radiance and relatively little sensitivity to water pollutants and suspended sediments. It is generally the darkest (over water) and most reliable single band for land-water discrimination. The boundary of the water cover map determined in stage 1 underestimates the water cover and often misses the true shoreline by a quantity up to one pixel. A more accurate shoreline would be obtained by connecting the center point of pixels with exactly 50-50 mix of water and land. Then, stage 2 finds the 50-50 mix points. According to the method proposed, image data is interpolated and up-sampled to ten times the original resolution. The local gradient in radiance is used to find the direction to the shore, thus searching along that path for the interpolated pixel closest to a 50-50 mix. Landsat images with 30m resolution, processed by this method, may thus provide the shoreline accurate to 3m. Compared to similar approaches available in the literature, the method proposed discriminates sub-pixels crossed by the shoreline by using a criteria based on the absolute value of radiance, rather than its gradient. Preliminary experimentation of the algorithm shows that 10m resolution accuracy is easily achieved and in some cases is often better than 5m. The proposed method can be used to study long term shoreline changes by exploiting the 30 years of archived world-wide coverage Landsat imagery. Landsat imagery is free and easily accessible for downloading. Some applications that exploit the Landsat dataset and the new method are discussed in the companion poster.Source: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ABSTRACTS (ONLINE), vol. 15 (issue EGU2013-9681)
Abileah R, Vignudelli S, Scozzari A
A promising method to accurately map the shoreline of oceans, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers is proposed and verified in this work. The method is applied to multispectral satellite imagery in two stages. The first stage is a classification of each image pixel into land/water categories using the conventional 'dark pixel' method. The approach presented here, makes use of a single shortwave IR image band (SWIR), if available. It is well known that SWIR has the least water leaving radiance and relatively little sensitivity to water pollutants and suspended sediments. It is generally the darkest (over water) and most reliable single band for land-water discrimination. The boundary of the water cover map determined in stage 1 underestimates the water cover and often misses the true shoreline by a quantity up to one pixel. A more accurate shoreline would be obtained by connecting the center point of pixels with exactly 50-50 mix of water and land. Then, stage 2 finds the 50-50 mix points. According to the method proposed, image data is interpolated and up-sampled to ten times the original resolution. The local gradient in radiance is used to find the direction to the shore, thus searching along that path for the interpolated pixel closest to a 50-50 mix. Landsat images with 30m resolution, processed by this method, may thus provide the shoreline accurate to 3m. Compared to similar approaches available in the literature, the method proposed discriminates sub-pixels crossed by the shoreline by using a criteria based on the absolute value of radiance, rather than its gradient. Preliminary experimentation of the algorithm shows that 10m resolution accuracy is easily achieved and in some cases is often better than 5m. The proposed method can be used to study long term shoreline changes by exploiting the 30 years of archived world-wide coverage Landsat imagery. Landsat imagery is free and easily accessible for downloading. Some applications that exploit the Landsat dataset and the new method are discussed in the companion poster.Source: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ABSTRACTS (ONLINE), vol. 15 (issue EGU2013-9681)
See at:
CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | meetingorganizer.copernicus.org
2013
Conference article
Open Access
Envisat radar altimetry as a tool for coastal and inland waters: the use of a microwave tomographic approach to achieve information about location and geometry of non-water targets
Soldovieri F, Scozzari A, Vignudelli S, Gómezenri J
Satellite altimetry systems use a nadir-looking radar to sense the water surface, in order to estimate water heights. Non-water targets (e.g. land, ships) are normally considered as contaminants of the pure radar signal reflected by the water surface. Despite the native low resolution of conventional altimetry platforms, there's still the possibility to extract information about eventual land or artificial scatterers inside the antenna footprint, giving the opportunity to better understand how to detect, characterize and eventually remove the associated electromagnetic artefacts. In this paper, we use a tomographic technique to retrieve useful information about the location and geometry of these particular targets. In this work, we will show results from a case-study based on the Costa Concordia cruise ship, which smashed its hull against the coast of Giglio Island, a tiny piece of land in the Tuscan Archipelago of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The ship is a strong artificial reflector located off-nadir with respect to the closest Envisat track (orbit 274) to the island. A signature in the Envisat waveforms due to the presence of the Concordia ship is revealed by a change-detection analysis applied to the images achieved by tomographic approach for different passes of the Envisat altimeter before and after the accident. The geometric characteristics of the ship and of the apparent electromagnetic target achieved by the approach are compatible with the Concordia ship in its final position. Therefore, the tomographic technique is therefore a promising tool to make a mapping of targets in coastal and inland waters and to enhance the possibilities to mitigate such effects when dealing with water height measurements in the presence of such targets.
Soldovieri F, Scozzari A, Vignudelli S, Gómezenri J
Satellite altimetry systems use a nadir-looking radar to sense the water surface, in order to estimate water heights. Non-water targets (e.g. land, ships) are normally considered as contaminants of the pure radar signal reflected by the water surface. Despite the native low resolution of conventional altimetry platforms, there's still the possibility to extract information about eventual land or artificial scatterers inside the antenna footprint, giving the opportunity to better understand how to detect, characterize and eventually remove the associated electromagnetic artefacts. In this paper, we use a tomographic technique to retrieve useful information about the location and geometry of these particular targets. In this work, we will show results from a case-study based on the Costa Concordia cruise ship, which smashed its hull against the coast of Giglio Island, a tiny piece of land in the Tuscan Archipelago of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The ship is a strong artificial reflector located off-nadir with respect to the closest Envisat track (orbit 274) to the island. A signature in the Envisat waveforms due to the presence of the Concordia ship is revealed by a change-detection analysis applied to the images achieved by tomographic approach for different passes of the Envisat altimeter before and after the accident. The geometric characteristics of the ship and of the apparent electromagnetic target achieved by the approach are compatible with the Concordia ship in its final position. Therefore, the tomographic technique is therefore a promising tool to make a mapping of targets in coastal and inland waters and to enhance the possibilities to mitigate such effects when dealing with water height measurements in the presence of such targets.
See at:
CNR IRIS | www.earsel.org | CNR IRIS
2016
Contribution to book
Open Access
Non-conventional electrochemical and optical sensor systems
Di Natale C, Dini F, Scozzari A
Electroanalytical methods are a common tool for the assessment of chemical peculiarities of aqueous solutions. Also, the analysis of water based on optical sensors is a mature field of research, which already led to industrial applications and standard laboratory practices. Nevertheless, scientific literature is still offering new sensor techniques and innovative measurement approaches in both fields. In particular, for fast characterisation of liquids and change detection applications in a continuous monitoring context, the technology of taste sensors based on electrochemical techniques is still witnessing a growing interest. Such devices are often defined as "electronic tongues" or "e-tongues". In addition, emerging inexpensive and portable devices with optical-sensing capabilities can be used for monitoring applications with a novel approach. This chapter gives an overview of recent techniques developed in both fields and presents several potential applications and case studies that deal with the context of water quality assessment. A brief introduction about the basics of each measurement technology, even if not exhaustive, is also provided.DOI: 10.1007/698_2013_254
Metrics:
Di Natale C, Dini F, Scozzari A
Electroanalytical methods are a common tool for the assessment of chemical peculiarities of aqueous solutions. Also, the analysis of water based on optical sensors is a mature field of research, which already led to industrial applications and standard laboratory practices. Nevertheless, scientific literature is still offering new sensor techniques and innovative measurement approaches in both fields. In particular, for fast characterisation of liquids and change detection applications in a continuous monitoring context, the technology of taste sensors based on electrochemical techniques is still witnessing a growing interest. Such devices are often defined as "electronic tongues" or "e-tongues". In addition, emerging inexpensive and portable devices with optical-sensing capabilities can be used for monitoring applications with a novel approach. This chapter gives an overview of recent techniques developed in both fields and presents several potential applications and case studies that deal with the context of water quality assessment. A brief introduction about the basics of each measurement technology, even if not exhaustive, is also provided.DOI: 10.1007/698_2013_254
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | link.springer.com | ISTI Repository | doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2014
Conference article
Restricted
Experimentation of a tomographic technique on envisat radar altimetry data: Oil platforms as an opportunity target
Scozzari A, Gómez Ej, Soldovieri F F, Vignudelli S
In the present paper, a microwave tomographic technique is used in order to analyze the effect of oil & gas platforms located in the Adriatic Sea on the radar returns of the RA-2 sensor, installed onboard the ENVISAT satellite. The study area is located in front of the Italian Adriatic coast of Ravenna harbor. The results from the analysis of waveforms show that hyperbolae are clearly visible. The tomographic reconstructions exhibit signatures corresponding to their presence. Their relationship is thought dependent on the geometric conditions. Some examples are discussed in this paper.DOI: 10.1109/igarss.2014.6947486
Metrics:
Scozzari A, Gómez Ej, Soldovieri F F, Vignudelli S
In the present paper, a microwave tomographic technique is used in order to analyze the effect of oil & gas platforms located in the Adriatic Sea on the radar returns of the RA-2 sensor, installed onboard the ENVISAT satellite. The study area is located in front of the Italian Adriatic coast of Ravenna harbor. The results from the analysis of waveforms show that hyperbolae are clearly visible. The tomographic reconstructions exhibit signatures corresponding to their presence. Their relationship is thought dependent on the geometric conditions. Some examples are discussed in this paper.DOI: 10.1109/igarss.2014.6947486
Metrics:
See at:
doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | www.scopus.com
2014
Contribution to book
Restricted
Pollution detection by electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity methods: an introductory note with case studies
Manstein Y, Scozzari A
This chapter introduces the combined usage of electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity methods for the assessment of soil pollution at shallow depths, with a particular focus on situations of potential contamination of groundwater. After a brief introduction of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and the electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques, three case studies are presented, dealing with potential threats to groundwater resources, in which the synergic usage of ERT and EMI permitted effective investigations about the contamination status and possible threats.Source: THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1007/698_2014_277
Metrics:
Manstein Y, Scozzari A
This chapter introduces the combined usage of electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity methods for the assessment of soil pollution at shallow depths, with a particular focus on situations of potential contamination of groundwater. After a brief introduction of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and the electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques, three case studies are presented, dealing with potential threats to groundwater resources, in which the synergic usage of ERT and EMI permitted effective investigations about the contamination status and possible threats.Source: THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1007/698_2014_277
Metrics:
See at:
doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | link.springer.com
2014
Conference article
Open Access
Landfills as critical infrastructures: synergy between non-invasive monitoring technologies
Scozzari A, Raco B, Battaglini R
This work deals with a methodology for estimating the behaviour of a landfill system by means of the integration between two different non-invasive technologies. In fact, there is a widespread agreement on the fact that these infrastructures produce about 23% of the total anthropogenic methane released to the atmosphere. Despite that, there's still no internationally accepted protocol to quantify the leakage of biogas from a landfill with a common standard approach. This work proposes an assessment of the performance of a landfill system in terms of biogas release to the atmosphere. Such evaluation is performed by means of a direct measurement of gas flux with the accumulation chamber method, combined with the detection of thermal anomalies by infrared radiometry. In order to derive flux maps from a set of punctual measurements and calculate an overall quantity of emitted gas, a geostatistical technique is necessarily applied and briefly illustrated. A case study regarding an infrastructure located in Tuscany (Italy) is shown, where a discussion about the evolution of the landfill site through successive campaigns is also suggested. The role played by infrared thermography and its synergy with direct flux measurements is clearly perceivable in this context. The main benefit of the presented approach is a significant increase of the energy recovered from the landfill sites by optimising the collection of biogas, which implies a reduction of the total anthropogenic methane originated from the disposal of wastes released to the atmosphere.
Scozzari A, Raco B, Battaglini R
This work deals with a methodology for estimating the behaviour of a landfill system by means of the integration between two different non-invasive technologies. In fact, there is a widespread agreement on the fact that these infrastructures produce about 23% of the total anthropogenic methane released to the atmosphere. Despite that, there's still no internationally accepted protocol to quantify the leakage of biogas from a landfill with a common standard approach. This work proposes an assessment of the performance of a landfill system in terms of biogas release to the atmosphere. Such evaluation is performed by means of a direct measurement of gas flux with the accumulation chamber method, combined with the detection of thermal anomalies by infrared radiometry. In order to derive flux maps from a set of punctual measurements and calculate an overall quantity of emitted gas, a geostatistical technique is necessarily applied and briefly illustrated. A case study regarding an infrastructure located in Tuscany (Italy) is shown, where a discussion about the evolution of the landfill site through successive campaigns is also suggested. The role played by infrared thermography and its synergy with direct flux measurements is clearly perceivable in this context. The main benefit of the presented approach is a significant increase of the energy recovered from the landfill sites by optimising the collection of biogas, which implies a reduction of the total anthropogenic methane originated from the disposal of wastes released to the atmosphere.
See at:
CNR IRIS | meetingorganizer.copernicus.org | CNR IRIS
2015
Journal article
Open Access
Numerical modeling of the seasonal variation of the groundwater quality in the aquifer Magra River, Italy
El Mezouary L, El Mansouri B, Kabbaj S, Scozzari A, Doveri M, Menichini M, Kili M
The aquifer of the Magra river is the main source of drinking water, industry and agriculture in the area of La Spezia (NW of Italy). However, the groundwater suffers from a high vulnerability to the problems of over-exploitation and pollution. In order to control these constraints, a hydrodynamic and transport modeling was achieved using by MODFLOW/GMS7.1 after the establishment of the conceptual model of the system and the definition of the limits conditions. The model is calibrated in steady state and transient considering the period 2004-2011. The calibration of model has shown the importance of the Magra river flows in the water balance of the aquifer, these contributions participates up 66% of the inputs to the Magra aquifer. In addition, the transient calibration shows a seasonal variation of the piezometry. the piezometric amplitude difference can reach 2 m in water catchment areas. This variation was also observed in the analysis of some chemical elements water of Magra groundwater such as Cl, SO4 and also for total dissolved solids (TDS). In order to control this phenomenon, we developed a model of transport by MT3DMS/GMS. The identification of the contamination sources during the conceptual model elaboration is very important in the process of the quality of groundwater modeling. It was necessary to define the presence of multi- sources of groundwater contamination environment: from river and boundaries (NE side). The choice of the period of the reference for calibration of the model is based on well sinks monitoring the level and the quality of groundwater Magra basin. These wells are themselves the catchments of resources in this area. These measuring points offer a series of measurements of groundwater levels and the concentration of certain chemical elements (SO4, Cl, TDS). The results show a strong correlation between on the one hand physic - chemical parameters, and on the other hand between these parameters and the hydrodynamic behavior of the aquifer. The seasonal variation of the groundwater quality is reproduced by managing a suitable stress period in MTD module. The Dispersivity and effective porosity were calibrated and are respectively about of 4 m and 11-29%. The simulations showed that the transport in the hydrogeological Magra aquifer is influenced by advection rather than diffusion-dispersion.Source: LA HOUILLE BLANCHE, pp. 25-31
DOI: 10.1051/lhb/20150015
Metrics:
El Mezouary L, El Mansouri B, Kabbaj S, Scozzari A, Doveri M, Menichini M, Kili M
The aquifer of the Magra river is the main source of drinking water, industry and agriculture in the area of La Spezia (NW of Italy). However, the groundwater suffers from a high vulnerability to the problems of over-exploitation and pollution. In order to control these constraints, a hydrodynamic and transport modeling was achieved using by MODFLOW/GMS7.1 after the establishment of the conceptual model of the system and the definition of the limits conditions. The model is calibrated in steady state and transient considering the period 2004-2011. The calibration of model has shown the importance of the Magra river flows in the water balance of the aquifer, these contributions participates up 66% of the inputs to the Magra aquifer. In addition, the transient calibration shows a seasonal variation of the piezometry. the piezometric amplitude difference can reach 2 m in water catchment areas. This variation was also observed in the analysis of some chemical elements water of Magra groundwater such as Cl, SO4 and also for total dissolved solids (TDS). In order to control this phenomenon, we developed a model of transport by MT3DMS/GMS. The identification of the contamination sources during the conceptual model elaboration is very important in the process of the quality of groundwater modeling. It was necessary to define the presence of multi- sources of groundwater contamination environment: from river and boundaries (NE side). The choice of the period of the reference for calibration of the model is based on well sinks monitoring the level and the quality of groundwater Magra basin. These wells are themselves the catchments of resources in this area. These measuring points offer a series of measurements of groundwater levels and the concentration of certain chemical elements (SO4, Cl, TDS). The results show a strong correlation between on the one hand physic - chemical parameters, and on the other hand between these parameters and the hydrodynamic behavior of the aquifer. The seasonal variation of the groundwater quality is reproduced by managing a suitable stress period in MTD module. The Dispersivity and effective porosity were calibrated and are respectively about of 4 m and 11-29%. The simulations showed that the transport in the hydrogeological Magra aquifer is influenced by advection rather than diffusion-dispersion.Source: LA HOUILLE BLANCHE, pp. 25-31
DOI: 10.1051/lhb/20150015
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | www.shf-lhb.org | La Houille Blanche | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2015
Conference article
Open Access
Non-invasive measurements for shallow depth soil exploration: Development and application of an electromagnetic induction instrument
Manstein Yua, Manstein Ak, Balkov E, Panin G, Scozzari A
Sounding with alternating electromagnetic fields has gained a growing attention and a broad usage during the last three decades, including Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Induction (FD-EMI) sounding methods. The development of an instrument is briefly illustrated in this work, and experiences made by using frequency-domain EMI soundings for geophysical applications are shown. The contexts of environmental monitoring and archaeological research are included in the presented case studies, in order to assess the capability of the approach in such operative frameworks.Source: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE INSTRUMENTATION/MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, vol. 2015-July, pp. 1395-1399. Pisa, Italy, 11-14 May 2015
DOI: 10.1109/i2mtc.2015.7151479
Metrics:
Manstein Yua, Manstein Ak, Balkov E, Panin G, Scozzari A
Sounding with alternating electromagnetic fields has gained a growing attention and a broad usage during the last three decades, including Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Induction (FD-EMI) sounding methods. The development of an instrument is briefly illustrated in this work, and experiences made by using frequency-domain EMI soundings for geophysical applications are shown. The contexts of environmental monitoring and archaeological research are included in the presented case studies, in order to assess the capability of the approach in such operative frameworks.Source: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE INSTRUMENTATION/MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, vol. 2015-July, pp. 1395-1399. Pisa, Italy, 11-14 May 2015
DOI: 10.1109/i2mtc.2015.7151479
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | ISTI Repository | doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2015
Contribution to journal
Open Access
Resource modelling for control: how hydrogeological modelling can support a water quality monitoring infrastructure
Scozzari A, Doveri M
The knowledge of the physical/chemical processes implied with the exploitation of water bodies for human consumption is an essential tool for the optimisation of the monitoring infrastructure. Due to their increasing importance in the context of human consumption (at least in the EU), this work focuses on groundwater resources. In the framework of drinkable water networks, the physical and data-driven modelling of transport phenomena in groundwater can help optimising the sensor network and validating the acquired data. This work proposes the combined usage of physical and data-driven modelling as a support to the design and maximisation of results from a network of distributed sensors. In particular, the validation of physico-chemical measurements and the detection of eventual anomalies by a set of continuous measurements take benefit from the knowledge of the domain from which water is abstracted, and its expected characteristics. Change-detection techniques based on non-specific sensors (presented by quite a large literature during the last two decades) have to deal with the classical issues of maximising correct detections and minimising false alarms, the latter of the two being the most typical problem to be faced, in the view of designing truly applicable monitoring systems. In this context, the definition of "anomaly" in terms of distance from an expected value or feature characterising the quality of water implies the definition of a suitable metric and the knowledge of the physical and chemical peculiarities of the natural domain from which water is exploited, with its implications in terms of characteristics of the water resource.Source: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ABSTRACTS, vol. 17 (issue EGU2015-7138)
Scozzari A, Doveri M
The knowledge of the physical/chemical processes implied with the exploitation of water bodies for human consumption is an essential tool for the optimisation of the monitoring infrastructure. Due to their increasing importance in the context of human consumption (at least in the EU), this work focuses on groundwater resources. In the framework of drinkable water networks, the physical and data-driven modelling of transport phenomena in groundwater can help optimising the sensor network and validating the acquired data. This work proposes the combined usage of physical and data-driven modelling as a support to the design and maximisation of results from a network of distributed sensors. In particular, the validation of physico-chemical measurements and the detection of eventual anomalies by a set of continuous measurements take benefit from the knowledge of the domain from which water is abstracted, and its expected characteristics. Change-detection techniques based on non-specific sensors (presented by quite a large literature during the last two decades) have to deal with the classical issues of maximising correct detections and minimising false alarms, the latter of the two being the most typical problem to be faced, in the view of designing truly applicable monitoring systems. In this context, the definition of "anomaly" in terms of distance from an expected value or feature characterising the quality of water implies the definition of a suitable metric and the knowledge of the physical and chemical peculiarities of the natural domain from which water is exploited, with its implications in terms of characteristics of the water resource.Source: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ABSTRACTS, vol. 17 (issue EGU2015-7138)
See at:
CNR IRIS | meetingorganizer.copernicus.org | CNR IRIS
2015
Contribution to book
Open Access
Introduction
Scozzari A, Dotsika E.
Groundwater is the only source of water supply for some countries in the world and the main source for many other countries. Especially in the European Union and in the United States of America, the role of high-quality groundwater is fundamental for the drinking water supply, and this is true also for some countries in Asia, Africa and Australia. Thus, in a growing number of contexts, safeguarding drinking water supplies is strictly linked with the protection of local groundwater resources. The usage of groundwater for irrigation has also a relevant share in many countries, sometimes contributing to stress the resource. The assessment of groundwater vulnerability and the individuation of potential hazards are thus becoming common and often compelling issues. Given this particular background, this introductory chapter illustrates the motivational framework of this book and outlines its contents.Source: Threats to the Quality of Groundwater Resources : prevention and control, pp. 1–11. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2015
DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_416
Metrics:
Scozzari A, Dotsika E.
Groundwater is the only source of water supply for some countries in the world and the main source for many other countries. Especially in the European Union and in the United States of America, the role of high-quality groundwater is fundamental for the drinking water supply, and this is true also for some countries in Asia, Africa and Australia. Thus, in a growing number of contexts, safeguarding drinking water supplies is strictly linked with the protection of local groundwater resources. The usage of groundwater for irrigation has also a relevant share in many countries, sometimes contributing to stress the resource. The assessment of groundwater vulnerability and the individuation of potential hazards are thus becoming common and often compelling issues. Given this particular background, this introductory chapter illustrates the motivational framework of this book and outlines its contents.Source: Threats to the Quality of Groundwater Resources : prevention and control, pp. 1–11. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2015
DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_416
Metrics:
See at:
link.springer.com | CNR ExploRA
2015
Contribution to conference
Open Access
On evaluating the potential of Envisat Individual echoes to retrieve water in small inland water bodies
Scozzari A, Vignudelli S, Abileah R
Water bodies narrow in width and shallow in depth are usually challenging targets for satellite remote sensing. In particular, there is a growing interest today in monitoring water heights.Satellite radar altimetry, although designed with oceans in mind, can provide historical and homogenous timeseries of water heights (within satellite track constraints) with a global coverage. Also, radar altimetry is an alternative to the irregular sampling offered by sparse single measurements made with water gauges, and provides access to remote or difficult to reach locations.Generally, the water heights derived from satellite radar altimetry are calculated from an incoherent average of the waveforms received from a large number of echoes reflected back from the surface. However, if the footprint includes non-water targets (e.g. because it touches the shoreline), the reflected echo may be contaminated with some effect on the averaged results. Here we propose the use of individual echoes (IEs)to monitor small inland water bodies (lakes ~200 m diameter, rivers ~200 m or less wide). A large number of IE data packets (each formed by a 1984 x 128 complex data array) have been collected by Envisat during its ten years of service. The inland water body waveforms are seen to vary from specular to moderate Brown, according to the peculiarities of the target, i.e., size, nature of the surrounding land, water surface, etc. Examples generated by extracting all the IE tracks in the vicinity of selected water bodies will be shown and discussed in terms of their echo characteristics, potential accuracy of the measured water height and implications for future inland water altimetry.
Scozzari A, Vignudelli S, Abileah R
Water bodies narrow in width and shallow in depth are usually challenging targets for satellite remote sensing. In particular, there is a growing interest today in monitoring water heights.Satellite radar altimetry, although designed with oceans in mind, can provide historical and homogenous timeseries of water heights (within satellite track constraints) with a global coverage. Also, radar altimetry is an alternative to the irregular sampling offered by sparse single measurements made with water gauges, and provides access to remote or difficult to reach locations.Generally, the water heights derived from satellite radar altimetry are calculated from an incoherent average of the waveforms received from a large number of echoes reflected back from the surface. However, if the footprint includes non-water targets (e.g. because it touches the shoreline), the reflected echo may be contaminated with some effect on the averaged results. Here we propose the use of individual echoes (IEs)to monitor small inland water bodies (lakes ~200 m diameter, rivers ~200 m or less wide). A large number of IE data packets (each formed by a 1984 x 128 complex data array) have been collected by Envisat during its ten years of service. The inland water body waveforms are seen to vary from specular to moderate Brown, according to the peculiarities of the target, i.e., size, nature of the surrounding land, water surface, etc. Examples generated by extracting all the IE tracks in the vicinity of selected water bodies will be shown and discussed in terms of their echo characteristics, potential accuracy of the measured water height and implications for future inland water altimetry.
See at:
CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2015
Conference article
Restricted
Analysis of Cryosat-2 altimeter waveforms for the detection and characterization of ship targets
Gomezenri J, Scozzari A, Soldovieri F, Coca J, Vignudelli S
The detection of non-ocean scatterers over the sea surface by using pulse-limited satellite altimeters involves a series of challenging targets, such as icebergs, lighthouses and ships, which have been investigated in the literature. In particular, past works focused on the hyperbolic features observed in the thermal noise area of the received waveforms, in order to detect the presence of such non-ocean targets. In this work, we exploit the capabilities of Cryosat-2 SIRAL instrument (operating in SAR mode) for the detection and characterization of ships. In particular, we propose a suitable metric for the discrimination of ships and investigate the possibility to estimate some geometric features of the detected vessels from the echoes returned by the altimeter. Thus, the possibility to extract further information, in addition to the mere presence of eventual ship targets, is discussed in this work. The presented approach offers the opportunity to: i) study the compatibility between the detected target(s) and the known ship traffic, by using the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data; ii) resolve ambiguities among multiple targets, by investigating their compatibility with the estimated geometry. Ship traffic statistics, as introduced by the recent literature, may take benefit from the method described in this work, providing a contribution to improve the overall precision of such statistics. In particular the next Sentinel-3 mission, which will be soon in operation, will provide a constellation with global SAR coverage and free accessibility to the data, with a potential enhancement to the estimation of the number and characteristics of the ships with respect to past literature approaches.
Gomezenri J, Scozzari A, Soldovieri F, Coca J, Vignudelli S
The detection of non-ocean scatterers over the sea surface by using pulse-limited satellite altimeters involves a series of challenging targets, such as icebergs, lighthouses and ships, which have been investigated in the literature. In particular, past works focused on the hyperbolic features observed in the thermal noise area of the received waveforms, in order to detect the presence of such non-ocean targets. In this work, we exploit the capabilities of Cryosat-2 SIRAL instrument (operating in SAR mode) for the detection and characterization of ships. In particular, we propose a suitable metric for the discrimination of ships and investigate the possibility to estimate some geometric features of the detected vessels from the echoes returned by the altimeter. Thus, the possibility to extract further information, in addition to the mere presence of eventual ship targets, is discussed in this work. The presented approach offers the opportunity to: i) study the compatibility between the detected target(s) and the known ship traffic, by using the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data; ii) resolve ambiguities among multiple targets, by investigating their compatibility with the estimated geometry. Ship traffic statistics, as introduced by the recent literature, may take benefit from the method described in this work, providing a contribution to improve the overall precision of such statistics. In particular the next Sentinel-3 mission, which will be soon in operation, will provide a constellation with global SAR coverage and free accessibility to the data, with a potential enhancement to the estimation of the number and characteristics of the ships with respect to past literature approaches.
See at:
CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | joss.ucar.edu
2016
Journal article
Open Access
Measurement of liquid film distribution in near-horizontal pipes with an array of wire probes
Andreussi P, Pitton E, Ciandri P, Picciaia D, Vignali A, Margarone M, Scozzari A
A test section consisting of a circumferential array of conductance probes has been developed to measure the thickness distribution around the pipe wall of a liquid layer flowing in near horizontal pipes. When the film thickness is known, the array can be employed to measure the local film flow rate by injecting a high conductivity tracer into the liquid flowing at pipe wall.The test section consists of a short pipe made of a non-conducting material installed in a flow rig designed to operate at an appreciable pressure (40 bar). The flow loop is made of metallic pipes connected to the electrical earth. The conductance probes are made of three parallel, rigid wires spaced along the flow direction and are used to measure the height or the electrical conductivity of the liquid layer. The three-electrode geometry is aimed at minimizing current losses toward earth. The simultaneous operation of all the probes of the array, without multiplexing, allows a substantial reduction of current dispersion and a good circumferential resolution of film thickness or conductivity measurements. The probe geometry may generate an appreciable disturbance to the gas-liquid interface. This aspect of the proposed method has been studied with an experimental and numerical investigation relative to free falling liquid layers.Source: FLOW MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION, vol. 47, pp. 71-82
DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.12.007
Metrics:
Andreussi P, Pitton E, Ciandri P, Picciaia D, Vignali A, Margarone M, Scozzari A
A test section consisting of a circumferential array of conductance probes has been developed to measure the thickness distribution around the pipe wall of a liquid layer flowing in near horizontal pipes. When the film thickness is known, the array can be employed to measure the local film flow rate by injecting a high conductivity tracer into the liquid flowing at pipe wall.The test section consists of a short pipe made of a non-conducting material installed in a flow rig designed to operate at an appreciable pressure (40 bar). The flow loop is made of metallic pipes connected to the electrical earth. The conductance probes are made of three parallel, rigid wires spaced along the flow direction and are used to measure the height or the electrical conductivity of the liquid layer. The three-electrode geometry is aimed at minimizing current losses toward earth. The simultaneous operation of all the probes of the array, without multiplexing, allows a substantial reduction of current dispersion and a good circumferential resolution of film thickness or conductivity measurements. The probe geometry may generate an appreciable disturbance to the gas-liquid interface. This aspect of the proposed method has been studied with an experimental and numerical investigation relative to free falling liquid layers.Source: FLOW MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION, vol. 47, pp. 71-82
DOI: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.12.007
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | www.sciencedirect.com | Flow Measurement and Instrumentation | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2016
Book
Open Access
Threats to the Quality of Groundwater Resources: Prevention and Control
Scozzari A, Dotsika E
This book focuses on scientific and technological aspects of groundwater-resources assessment and surveillance. It describes relevant risks and investigates selected techniques for the monitoring and mitigation of the individuated threats to groundwater quality. The authors discuss the concepts of groundwater-resources protection and offer examples of both geogenic and anthropogenic degradation of groundwater quality, such as heavy metals from mining activities and natural water-rock interactions, as well as risk of contamination due to geological CO2 storage practices etc. The volume also covers non-invasive monitoring techniques and briefly addresses innovative sensor technologies for the online assessment of water quality. Furthermore, the role played by geochemical techniques, the potential of environmental isotopes and the support provided by physical modelling are highlighted. The chapters guide the reader through various viewpoints, according to the diverse disciplines involved, without aiming to be exhaustive, but instead picking representative topics for their relevance in the context of groundwater protection and control. This book will be of interest to advanced students, researchers, policy-makers and stakeholders at various levels.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-48596-5
Metrics:
Scozzari A, Dotsika E
This book focuses on scientific and technological aspects of groundwater-resources assessment and surveillance. It describes relevant risks and investigates selected techniques for the monitoring and mitigation of the individuated threats to groundwater quality. The authors discuss the concepts of groundwater-resources protection and offer examples of both geogenic and anthropogenic degradation of groundwater quality, such as heavy metals from mining activities and natural water-rock interactions, as well as risk of contamination due to geological CO2 storage practices etc. The volume also covers non-invasive monitoring techniques and briefly addresses innovative sensor technologies for the online assessment of water quality. Furthermore, the role played by geochemical techniques, the potential of environmental isotopes and the support provided by physical modelling are highlighted. The chapters guide the reader through various viewpoints, according to the diverse disciplines involved, without aiming to be exhaustive, but instead picking representative topics for their relevance in the context of groundwater protection and control. This book will be of interest to advanced students, researchers, policy-makers and stakeholders at various levels.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-48596-5
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | link.springer.com | doi.org | CNR IRIS
2016
Contribution to book
Open Access
Protection of groundwater resources: worldwide regulations and scientific approaches
Doveri M, Menichini M, Scozzari A
The increasing role of groundwater in municipal water networks in many countries of the world makes the protection of groundwater resources an essential practice for safeguarding drinking water supplies. Several scientific-technical approaches are adopted worldwide to face this issue. In addition, some countries mainly depend on groundwater also for non-domestic use, making this topic even more critical. This chapter provides an overview of the main directives and their related technical aspects, concerning the protection zones of groundwater sources for human consumption. The main results of a multidisciplinary study are also presented, highlighting how the knowledge of physical and chemical aspects of groundwater bodies is a fundamental tool for protecting this vital resource and assuring its availability for the future generations.Source: THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY, pp. 13-30
DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_421
Metrics:
Doveri M, Menichini M, Scozzari A
The increasing role of groundwater in municipal water networks in many countries of the world makes the protection of groundwater resources an essential practice for safeguarding drinking water supplies. Several scientific-technical approaches are adopted worldwide to face this issue. In addition, some countries mainly depend on groundwater also for non-domestic use, making this topic even more critical. This chapter provides an overview of the main directives and their related technical aspects, concerning the protection zones of groundwater sources for human consumption. The main results of a multidisciplinary study are also presented, highlighting how the knowledge of physical and chemical aspects of groundwater bodies is a fundamental tool for protecting this vital resource and assuring its availability for the future generations.Source: THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY, pp. 13-30
DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_421
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | link.springer.com | ISTI Repository | doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2016
Conference article
Open Access
Development of an online measurement apparatus for the study of stratified flow in near-horizontal pipes
Scozzari A, Andreussi P, Picciaia D
There is a high industrial interest today in the development of accurate measurement techniques to support the modelling of gas-liquid flow phenomena. When dealing with stratified flow in horizontal or inclined pipes, the main problem is that in the range of medium to large gas velocities there are very few data available for the development or validation of flow models. These data should include the measurement of the pressure gradient, the circumferential liquid film distribution, the liquid hold-up and the fraction of entrained droplets. This work describes the development and experimentation of a measurement set-up for generating these data at flow conditions as close as possible to those of industrial interest, in terms of pipe diameter and physical properties of the fluid. This paper focuses on the measurement technique, which is based on conductivity measurements by arrays of needle-shaped electrodes, and illustrates one practical implementation and its validation.Source: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE INSTRUMENTATION/MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, vol. 2016-July, pp. 1155-1160. Taipei, Taiwan, 23-26 May 2016
DOI: 10.1109/i2mtc.2016.7520531
Metrics:
Scozzari A, Andreussi P, Picciaia D
There is a high industrial interest today in the development of accurate measurement techniques to support the modelling of gas-liquid flow phenomena. When dealing with stratified flow in horizontal or inclined pipes, the main problem is that in the range of medium to large gas velocities there are very few data available for the development or validation of flow models. These data should include the measurement of the pressure gradient, the circumferential liquid film distribution, the liquid hold-up and the fraction of entrained droplets. This work describes the development and experimentation of a measurement set-up for generating these data at flow conditions as close as possible to those of industrial interest, in terms of pipe diameter and physical properties of the fluid. This paper focuses on the measurement technique, which is based on conductivity measurements by arrays of needle-shaped electrodes, and illustrates one practical implementation and its validation.Source: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE INSTRUMENTATION/MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, vol. 2016-July, pp. 1155-1160. Taipei, Taiwan, 23-26 May 2016
DOI: 10.1109/i2mtc.2016.7520531
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ieeexplore.ieee.org | ISTI Repository | doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS