2024
Journal article
Open Access
Deep learning and structural health monitoring: temporal fusion transformers for anomaly detection in masonry towers
Falchi F., Girardi M., Gurioli G., Messina N., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Detecting anomalies in the vibrational features of age-old buildings is crucial within the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) framework. The SHM techniques can leverage information from onsite measurements and environmental sources to identify the dynamic properties (such as the frequencies) of the monitored structure, searching for possible deviations or unusual behavior over time. In this paper, the Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) network, a deep learning algorithm initially designed for multi-horizon time series forecasting and tested on electricity, traffic, retail, and volatility problems, is applied to SHM. The TFT approach is adopted to investigate the behavior of the Guinigi Tower located in Lucca (Italy) and subjected to a long-term dynamic monitoring campaign. The TFT network is trained on the tower's experimental frequencies enriched with other environmental parameters. The transformer is then employed to predict the vibrational features (natural frequencies, root mean squares values of the velocity time series) and detect possible anomalies or unexpected events by inspecting how much the actual frequencies deviate from the predicted ones. The TFT technique is used to detect the effects of the Viareggio earthquake that occurred on 6 February 2022, and the structural damage induced by three simulated damage scenarios.Source: MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, vol. 215 (issue 111382)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.111382
Metrics:
Falchi F., Girardi M., Gurioli G., Messina N., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Detecting anomalies in the vibrational features of age-old buildings is crucial within the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) framework. The SHM techniques can leverage information from onsite measurements and environmental sources to identify the dynamic properties (such as the frequencies) of the monitored structure, searching for possible deviations or unusual behavior over time. In this paper, the Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) network, a deep learning algorithm initially designed for multi-horizon time series forecasting and tested on electricity, traffic, retail, and volatility problems, is applied to SHM. The TFT approach is adopted to investigate the behavior of the Guinigi Tower located in Lucca (Italy) and subjected to a long-term dynamic monitoring campaign. The TFT network is trained on the tower's experimental frequencies enriched with other environmental parameters. The transformer is then employed to predict the vibrational features (natural frequencies, root mean squares values of the velocity time series) and detect possible anomalies or unexpected events by inspecting how much the actual frequencies deviate from the predicted ones. The TFT technique is used to detect the effects of the Viareggio earthquake that occurred on 6 February 2022, and the structural damage induced by three simulated damage scenarios.Source: MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, vol. 215 (issue 111382)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.111382
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2024
Journal article
Open Access
Seismic response and ambient vibrations of a Mediaeval Tower in the Mugello area (Italy)
R. M. Azzara, V. Cardinali, M. Girardi, C. Padovani, D. Pellegrini, M. Tanganelli
This paper describes the experimental campaigns on the Tower of the Palazzo dei Vicari in Scarperia, a village in the Mugello area (Tuscany) exposed to high seismic hazards. The first campaign was carried out from December 2019 to January 2020, and the Tower underwent the so-called Mugello seismic sequence, which featured an M 4.5 earthquake. Other ambient vibration tests were repeated in June 2021 and September 2023 when another seismic sequence struck the area near Scarperia. These tests aimed to characterise the Tower’s dynamic behaviour under ambient and seismic excitations and check the response of the Tower over time. The experimental results were then used to calibrate a finite-element model of the Tower and estimate its seismic vulnerability. Several numerical simulations were conducted on the calibrated model using the NOSA-ITACA code for nonlinear structural analysis of masonry buildings. The dynamic behaviour of the Tower subjected to a seismic sequence recorded in 2023 by a seismic station at the base was investigated by comparing the velocities recorded along the Tower’s height with their numerical counterparts. Furthermore, several pushover analyses were conducted to investigate the collapse of the Tower as the load’s distribution and direction varied.Source: JOURNAL OF CIVIL STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
DOI: 10.1007/s13349-024-00824-7
Project(s): PiattafoRma open-sourcE orientata ai digital twins: tecniche di digitalizzazione 3D, monitoraggio delle Vibrazioni e mOdellazione agli eLementi finiti per la valUTazione dello stato di conservazIone di edifici stOrici e iNfrastrutture civili
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R. M. Azzara, V. Cardinali, M. Girardi, C. Padovani, D. Pellegrini, M. Tanganelli
This paper describes the experimental campaigns on the Tower of the Palazzo dei Vicari in Scarperia, a village in the Mugello area (Tuscany) exposed to high seismic hazards. The first campaign was carried out from December 2019 to January 2020, and the Tower underwent the so-called Mugello seismic sequence, which featured an M 4.5 earthquake. Other ambient vibration tests were repeated in June 2021 and September 2023 when another seismic sequence struck the area near Scarperia. These tests aimed to characterise the Tower’s dynamic behaviour under ambient and seismic excitations and check the response of the Tower over time. The experimental results were then used to calibrate a finite-element model of the Tower and estimate its seismic vulnerability. Several numerical simulations were conducted on the calibrated model using the NOSA-ITACA code for nonlinear structural analysis of masonry buildings. The dynamic behaviour of the Tower subjected to a seismic sequence recorded in 2023 by a seismic station at the base was investigated by comparing the velocities recorded along the Tower’s height with their numerical counterparts. Furthermore, several pushover analyses were conducted to investigate the collapse of the Tower as the load’s distribution and direction varied.Source: JOURNAL OF CIVIL STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
DOI: 10.1007/s13349-024-00824-7
Project(s): PiattafoRma open-sourcE orientata ai digital twins: tecniche di digitalizzazione 3D, monitoraggio delle Vibrazioni e mOdellazione agli eLementi finiti per la valUTazione dello stato di conservazIone di edifici stOrici e iNfrastrutture civili
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2024
Journal article
Open Access
Shake-table testing of a brick masonry groin vault: overview of blind predictions and postdictions and comparison with experimental results
Calderini C., Bianchini N., Lourenço P. B., Mendes N., Candeias P. X., Alshawa O., Chácara C., Chávez M. M., De Felice G., Ferrante A., Fici P., Gagliardo R., Kesavan P., Lignola G. P., Malena M., Malomo D., Pellegrini D., Peña F., Petracca M., Pintucchi B., Portioli F. P. A., Pulatsu B., Ramaglia G., Rapicavoli D., Trovatelli F.
This paper presents the results of the blind test competition carried out within the scope of the European project SERA.ta “Seismic Response of Masonry Cross Vaults: Shaking table tests and numerical validations”. The purpose of the competition was to predict the results of a set of tests carried out on an unstrengthened full-scale cross vault with mortar joints and solid bricks (then strengthened with textile reinforced mortar) subjected to a horizontal dynamic excitation. The paper offers an overview of the modelling approaches utilised, along with their corresponding predictions and post dictions. The findings are assessed based on both the damage mechanisms and predicted values for displacements and accelerations in both directions. The results are then compared with the experimental findings. Modelling approaches utilizing the Finite Element Method (FEM) yielded the most accurate predictions regarding displacements and crack patterns. Conversely, a submission employing a Discrete Element model provided the most accurate prediction of damage mechanisms. Nonetheless, the significant discrepancies in predicted displacements and accelerations underscore the necessity for continued efforts to establish consensus on appropriate modelling assumptions for masonry vaults.Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE, vol. 18 (issue 12), pp. 1-27
DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2024.2419545
Metrics:
Calderini C., Bianchini N., Lourenço P. B., Mendes N., Candeias P. X., Alshawa O., Chácara C., Chávez M. M., De Felice G., Ferrante A., Fici P., Gagliardo R., Kesavan P., Lignola G. P., Malena M., Malomo D., Pellegrini D., Peña F., Petracca M., Pintucchi B., Portioli F. P. A., Pulatsu B., Ramaglia G., Rapicavoli D., Trovatelli F.
This paper presents the results of the blind test competition carried out within the scope of the European project SERA.ta “Seismic Response of Masonry Cross Vaults: Shaking table tests and numerical validations”. The purpose of the competition was to predict the results of a set of tests carried out on an unstrengthened full-scale cross vault with mortar joints and solid bricks (then strengthened with textile reinforced mortar) subjected to a horizontal dynamic excitation. The paper offers an overview of the modelling approaches utilised, along with their corresponding predictions and post dictions. The findings are assessed based on both the damage mechanisms and predicted values for displacements and accelerations in both directions. The results are then compared with the experimental findings. Modelling approaches utilizing the Finite Element Method (FEM) yielded the most accurate predictions regarding displacements and crack patterns. Conversely, a submission employing a Discrete Element model provided the most accurate prediction of damage mechanisms. Nonetheless, the significant discrepancies in predicted displacements and accelerations underscore the necessity for continued efforts to establish consensus on appropriate modelling assumptions for masonry vaults.Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE, vol. 18 (issue 12), pp. 1-27
DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2024.2419545
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IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | International Journal of Architectural Heritage | Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Genova | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2024
Conference article
Open Access
Vibration monitoring of historical towers: new contributions from data science
Girardi M., Gurioli G., Messina N., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Deep neural networks are used to study the ambient vibrations of the medieval towers of the San Frediano Cathedral and the Guinigi Palace in the historic centre of Lucca. The towers have been continuously monitored for many months via high-sensitivity seismic stations. The recorded data sets integrated with environmental parameters are employed to train a Temporal Fusion Transformer network and forecast the dynamic behaviour of the monitored structures. The results show that the adopted algorithm can learn the main features of the towers’ dynamic response, predict its evolution over time, and detect anomalies.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, vol. 514, pp. 15-24. Naples, Italy, 21-24/05/2024
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-61421-7_2
Metrics:
Girardi M., Gurioli G., Messina N., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Deep neural networks are used to study the ambient vibrations of the medieval towers of the San Frediano Cathedral and the Guinigi Palace in the historic centre of Lucca. The towers have been continuously monitored for many months via high-sensitivity seismic stations. The recorded data sets integrated with environmental parameters are employed to train a Temporal Fusion Transformer network and forecast the dynamic behaviour of the monitored structures. The results show that the adopted algorithm can learn the main features of the towers’ dynamic response, predict its evolution over time, and detect anomalies.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, vol. 514, pp. 15-24. Naples, Italy, 21-24/05/2024
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-61421-7_2
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IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | doi.org | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2024
Conference article
Open Access
Leveraging advanced numerical calibration to filter out temperature effects on vibration-based monitoring data: application to the Mogadouro clock tower
Barontini A., Pellegrini D., Testa F., Girardi M., Masciotta M., Mendes N., Padovani C.
This study investigates the advantages of integrating physics knowledge to enhance traditional data-driven methods for damage detection and early warning in a monitored structure. The implemented method combines the ability to predict variations in modal properties (such as natural frequencies) under changing temperatures, using a highly reliable Finite Element (FE) model calibrated to the experimental response of the structure, with a robust anomaly detection strategy to process new monitoring data and classify it as damaged or undamaged. The relationship between temperature and modal properties, as evaluated through the FE model, is used to normalise the monitoring data. This process filters out the effects of the environmental variation, potentially magnifying the effects of damage, which are then investigated through machine learning algorithms for classification purpose. The procedure is validated by analysing a real case study, the Mogadouro clock tower in Portugal. Several scenarios of available knowledge during the training of the damage detection strategy are simulated, discussing advantages and identifying areas for future improvement.DOI: 10.23967/eccomas.2024.247
Metrics:
Barontini A., Pellegrini D., Testa F., Girardi M., Masciotta M., Mendes N., Padovani C.
This study investigates the advantages of integrating physics knowledge to enhance traditional data-driven methods for damage detection and early warning in a monitored structure. The implemented method combines the ability to predict variations in modal properties (such as natural frequencies) under changing temperatures, using a highly reliable Finite Element (FE) model calibrated to the experimental response of the structure, with a robust anomaly detection strategy to process new monitoring data and classify it as damaged or undamaged. The relationship between temperature and modal properties, as evaluated through the FE model, is used to normalise the monitoring data. This process filters out the effects of the environmental variation, potentially magnifying the effects of damage, which are then investigated through machine learning algorithms for classification purpose. The procedure is validated by analysing a real case study, the Mogadouro clock tower in Portugal. Several scenarios of available knowledge during the training of the damage detection strategy are simulated, discussing advantages and identifying areas for future improvement.DOI: 10.23967/eccomas.2024.247
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2024
Journal article
Open Access
Thermo-mechanical analyses of masonry structures in fire conditions
Pellegrini Daniele
Historic masonry buildings are highly vulnerable to anthropic actions and environmental factors due to their low tensile strength, and bounded compressive strength. Over the years, numerous studies and experimental campaigns have been conducted to characterise the buildings’ response to external actions and identify solutions for their conservation against multiple factors, such as climatic changes, material ageing and earthquakes. However, the historic masonry structures’ response in case of fire and their safety assessment in post-fire conditions, still needs to be thoroughly investigated both from an experimental and numerical point of view. This paper generalises the constitutive equation of masonry-like (or no-tension) materials under non-isothermal conditions to the case in which the masonry has weak tensile strength and bounded compressive strength, even temperature dependent. The generalised constitutive equation is then implemented in NOSA-ITACA and the explicit solution to the equilibrium problem of a masonry circular ring in plane strain condition is calculated and compared with the numerical solution. Subsequently, the code is used to perform an uncoupled thermo-mechanical analysis of a real case study: a masonry barrel vault tested in fire conditions. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results paves the way for further study and research.Source: FINITE ELEMENTS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, vol. 234
DOI: 10.1016/j.finel.2024.104128
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4657561
Project(s): Revolution Project- open-source platform oriented toward digital twins: 3d digitisation techniques, vibration monitoring and finite element models for evaluating the conservation status of historical buildings and civil infrastructures
Metrics:
Pellegrini Daniele
Historic masonry buildings are highly vulnerable to anthropic actions and environmental factors due to their low tensile strength, and bounded compressive strength. Over the years, numerous studies and experimental campaigns have been conducted to characterise the buildings’ response to external actions and identify solutions for their conservation against multiple factors, such as climatic changes, material ageing and earthquakes. However, the historic masonry structures’ response in case of fire and their safety assessment in post-fire conditions, still needs to be thoroughly investigated both from an experimental and numerical point of view. This paper generalises the constitutive equation of masonry-like (or no-tension) materials under non-isothermal conditions to the case in which the masonry has weak tensile strength and bounded compressive strength, even temperature dependent. The generalised constitutive equation is then implemented in NOSA-ITACA and the explicit solution to the equilibrium problem of a masonry circular ring in plane strain condition is calculated and compared with the numerical solution. Subsequently, the code is used to perform an uncoupled thermo-mechanical analysis of a real case study: a masonry barrel vault tested in fire conditions. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results paves the way for further study and research.Source: FINITE ELEMENTS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, vol. 234
DOI: 10.1016/j.finel.2024.104128
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4657561
Project(s): Revolution Project- open-source platform oriented toward digital twins: 3d digitisation techniques, vibration monitoring and finite element models for evaluating the conservation status of historical buildings and civil infrastructures
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Finite Elements in Analysis and Design | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | doi.org | CNR IRIS
2024
Conference article
Open Access
Investigating the relation between complex mode shapes and local damage for structural assessment
Masciotta M. G., Pellegrini D.
Modal parameters define the inherent characteristics of real-world structures, being therefore employed as reference information for various purposes, including the assessment of structural damage, the evaluation of operational and environmental effects, and the calibration of realistic numerical models. Among frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, the latter have been proved far more effective in localizing structural damage given their spatial dependency on the nodal coordinates of vibrating systems. Most of modal analysis applications resort to the real part of these quantities for vibration-based damage identification of structural systems, assuming them as classically damped. However, the classical viscous damping assumption is often idealistic for real-world structures as the damping matrix cannot be considered as proportional to mass and stiffness matrices. It follows that the mode shapes of real systems are complex in nature, and their complexity level can vary with damage. Based on the above considerations, this work intends to shed light on the relationship between structural damage and modal complexity. Numerical investigations are carried out to track the variation of complex mode shapes in a multi-span bridge subjected to progressive damage scenarios and to infer about the generalization of a new index that relies on the variation of the imaginary content of complex eigenmodes to detect, locate and assess the structural damage.Source: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONFERENCE SERIES, vol. 2647 (issue 19). Delft, The Netherlands, 02-05 July 2023
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2647/19/192024
Metrics:
Masciotta M. G., Pellegrini D.
Modal parameters define the inherent characteristics of real-world structures, being therefore employed as reference information for various purposes, including the assessment of structural damage, the evaluation of operational and environmental effects, and the calibration of realistic numerical models. Among frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, the latter have been proved far more effective in localizing structural damage given their spatial dependency on the nodal coordinates of vibrating systems. Most of modal analysis applications resort to the real part of these quantities for vibration-based damage identification of structural systems, assuming them as classically damped. However, the classical viscous damping assumption is often idealistic for real-world structures as the damping matrix cannot be considered as proportional to mass and stiffness matrices. It follows that the mode shapes of real systems are complex in nature, and their complexity level can vary with damage. Based on the above considerations, this work intends to shed light on the relationship between structural damage and modal complexity. Numerical investigations are carried out to track the variation of complex mode shapes in a multi-span bridge subjected to progressive damage scenarios and to infer about the generalization of a new index that relies on the variation of the imaginary content of complex eigenmodes to detect, locate and assess the structural damage.Source: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONFERENCE SERIES, vol. 2647 (issue 19). Delft, The Netherlands, 02-05 July 2023
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2647/19/192024
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Journal of Physics : Conference Series | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | ARUdA | ARUdA | CNR IRIS
2024
Conference article
Open Access
Optimal sensor placement for bridge structural health monitoring: integration of physics-based models with data-driven approaches
Masciotta M. G., Barontini A., Pellegrini D., Brando G., Lourenço P. B.
Optimization of sensor configurations for cost-efficient structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and longevity of critical infrastructures such as bridges while minimizing maintenance expenses. Infrastructure systems may evolve over time, and their monitoring needs may change. Hence, the best sensor configuration must be designed to be scalable and adaptable to future requirements without major overhauls. The present work explores this optimization problem as an essential step of the development and implementation of a robust digital twinning strategy, by combining the strengths of physics-based models with data-driven insights. Conventional methods for sensor placement typically rely on expert knowledge, oftentimes resulting in suboptimal configurations and excessive installation costs. Conversely, physics-based models provide a rigorous comprehension of the structural behavior and can inform sensor placement procedures by assessing the impact of sensor locations on the monitoring accuracy. However, these models have limitations, such as simplifying assumptions, uncertainties, and computational complexities. To overcome these issues and upgrade the sensor placement process, data-driven approaches can be integrated to extract patterns, correlations, and unforeseen anomalies. To demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of this hybrid framework, a case study of an existing bridge instrumented with sensors is presented. First, a simplified physics-based model is developed and calibrated through real-world data obtained from an extensive dynamic identification campaign comprising 108 instrumented degrees of freedom. Then, a reduced number of sensors are selected through a data-driven optimization strategy as best candidates for the deployment of a long-term monitoring system. Finally, the virtual model is employed to simulate varying damage scenarios and validate whether the sensor location experimentally identified as optimal would remain the best even when structural conditions change. The ultimate goal is to foster proactive maintenance strategies by striking a balance between data quality, sensor coverage, and SHM cost.Source: PROCEDIA STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, vol. 62, pp. 932-939
DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.125
Metrics:
Masciotta M. G., Barontini A., Pellegrini D., Brando G., Lourenço P. B.
Optimization of sensor configurations for cost-efficient structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and longevity of critical infrastructures such as bridges while minimizing maintenance expenses. Infrastructure systems may evolve over time, and their monitoring needs may change. Hence, the best sensor configuration must be designed to be scalable and adaptable to future requirements without major overhauls. The present work explores this optimization problem as an essential step of the development and implementation of a robust digital twinning strategy, by combining the strengths of physics-based models with data-driven insights. Conventional methods for sensor placement typically rely on expert knowledge, oftentimes resulting in suboptimal configurations and excessive installation costs. Conversely, physics-based models provide a rigorous comprehension of the structural behavior and can inform sensor placement procedures by assessing the impact of sensor locations on the monitoring accuracy. However, these models have limitations, such as simplifying assumptions, uncertainties, and computational complexities. To overcome these issues and upgrade the sensor placement process, data-driven approaches can be integrated to extract patterns, correlations, and unforeseen anomalies. To demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of this hybrid framework, a case study of an existing bridge instrumented with sensors is presented. First, a simplified physics-based model is developed and calibrated through real-world data obtained from an extensive dynamic identification campaign comprising 108 instrumented degrees of freedom. Then, a reduced number of sensors are selected through a data-driven optimization strategy as best candidates for the deployment of a long-term monitoring system. Finally, the virtual model is employed to simulate varying damage scenarios and validate whether the sensor location experimentally identified as optimal would remain the best even when structural conditions change. The ultimate goal is to foster proactive maintenance strategies by striking a balance between data quality, sensor coverage, and SHM cost.Source: PROCEDIA STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, vol. 62, pp. 932-939
DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.125
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Procedia Structural Integrity | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | CNR IRIS
2024
Journal article
Open Access
Dynamic response of masonry structures to temperature variations: experimental investigation of a brick masonry wall
Pellegrini D., Barontini A., Mendes N., Lourenço P. B.
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is essential for preserving historical and modern infrastructure by tracking dynamic properties such as frequencies and mode shapes. Changes in these properties can indicate structural damage, but environmental factors like temperature can also cause similar variations, complicating damage detection. This study investigates from an experimental point of view the effect of temperature on the dynamic behaviour of masonry structures, focusing on a masonry wall subjected to thermal load variations within operational conditions. The experimental setup involved a masonry wall specimen tested at the Structural Laboratory of the University of Minho, Portugal. The mock-up was subjected to various boundary conditions and loading scenarios. The results showed that the natural frequencies of the masonry wall can be significantly influenced by temperature changes, variations strictly related to the boundary conditions and the stress acting on the mock-up. In contrast, mode shapes seem not to be affected by temperature variations. This study provides valuable insights into the temperature-induced variations in the dynamic properties of masonry structures, emphasising the need to consider environmental effects in SHM applications. By filtering out these environmental influences, more accurate damage detection and proactive maintenance strategies can be developed, enhancing the safety and longevity of both historical and modern structures.Source: SENSORS, vol. 24 (issue 23)
DOI: 10.3390/s24237573
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4923139
Metrics:
Pellegrini D., Barontini A., Mendes N., Lourenço P. B.
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is essential for preserving historical and modern infrastructure by tracking dynamic properties such as frequencies and mode shapes. Changes in these properties can indicate structural damage, but environmental factors like temperature can also cause similar variations, complicating damage detection. This study investigates from an experimental point of view the effect of temperature on the dynamic behaviour of masonry structures, focusing on a masonry wall subjected to thermal load variations within operational conditions. The experimental setup involved a masonry wall specimen tested at the Structural Laboratory of the University of Minho, Portugal. The mock-up was subjected to various boundary conditions and loading scenarios. The results showed that the natural frequencies of the masonry wall can be significantly influenced by temperature changes, variations strictly related to the boundary conditions and the stress acting on the mock-up. In contrast, mode shapes seem not to be affected by temperature variations. This study provides valuable insights into the temperature-induced variations in the dynamic properties of masonry structures, emphasising the need to consider environmental effects in SHM applications. By filtering out these environmental influences, more accurate damage detection and proactive maintenance strategies can be developed, enhancing the safety and longevity of both historical and modern structures.Source: SENSORS, vol. 24 (issue 23)
DOI: 10.3390/s24237573
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4923139
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Sensors | CNR IRIS | www.mdpi.com | doi.org | IRIS Cnr | IRIS Cnr | CNR IRIS
2023
Conference article
Restricted
Assessment of the acceleration floor spectra through dynamic identification: the Museum of Bargello in Florence
Azzara Rm, Pellegrini D, Cardinali V, Viti S, Tanganelli M
Artworks represent a priceless asset to the economic and cultural features of communities. Most art collections are hosted in Museums, which can be new buildings, appositely made for an expositive purpose, or monumental buildings, whose high artistic and historical value enhances the exposed art pieces. In this latter case, however, the Museums can disregard the seismic safety requirements provided for new constructions, becoming the main source of hazard for the precious contents they should preserve. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of the National Museum of Bargello in Florence is studied by means of a dynamic identification, focusing the attention on the "Sala di Donatello". An experimental campaign was performed by simultaneously installing two sets of three seismometric stations in the mentioned room and inside the corresponding one at the base of the building ("Sala Michelangelo"). Analysis of the recorded data via Operational Modal Analysis techniques has furnished the structure's natural frequencies, damping ratio and mode shapes allowing the assessment of the amplification of the seismic acceleration experienced by the art works exposed in "Sala di Donatello". The effect of the seismic acceleration on the artifacts has been checked on a case-study, i.e. the masterpiece "Marzocco". It is the statue of the lion considered the symbol of Florence, realized by Donatello in 1420, placed on a marble pedestal made by Benedetto da Maiano in 1480, which is a work of art as well. The assessment has been made by performing a simplified rigid-block analysis. The geometrical data of Marzocco has been stated based on a detailed photogrammetric survey, which provided a reliable representation of the mass distribution.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Torino, Italy, 12-16/09/2022
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_88
Metrics:
Azzara Rm, Pellegrini D, Cardinali V, Viti S, Tanganelli M
Artworks represent a priceless asset to the economic and cultural features of communities. Most art collections are hosted in Museums, which can be new buildings, appositely made for an expositive purpose, or monumental buildings, whose high artistic and historical value enhances the exposed art pieces. In this latter case, however, the Museums can disregard the seismic safety requirements provided for new constructions, becoming the main source of hazard for the precious contents they should preserve. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of the National Museum of Bargello in Florence is studied by means of a dynamic identification, focusing the attention on the "Sala di Donatello". An experimental campaign was performed by simultaneously installing two sets of three seismometric stations in the mentioned room and inside the corresponding one at the base of the building ("Sala Michelangelo"). Analysis of the recorded data via Operational Modal Analysis techniques has furnished the structure's natural frequencies, damping ratio and mode shapes allowing the assessment of the amplification of the seismic acceleration experienced by the art works exposed in "Sala di Donatello". The effect of the seismic acceleration on the artifacts has been checked on a case-study, i.e. the masterpiece "Marzocco". It is the statue of the lion considered the symbol of Florence, realized by Donatello in 1420, placed on a marble pedestal made by Benedetto da Maiano in 1480, which is a work of art as well. The assessment has been made by performing a simplified rigid-block analysis. The geometrical data of Marzocco has been stated based on a detailed photogrammetric survey, which provided a reliable representation of the mass distribution.Source: LECTURE NOTES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. Torino, Italy, 12-16/09/2022
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_88
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CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | link.springer.com
2023
Journal article
Open Access
Dynamic Behaviour of the Carillon Tower in Castel San Pietro Terme, Italy
Azzara Rm, Girardi M, Padovani C, Pellegrini D
This paper presents the experimental investigations conducted on the carillon tower of the Santissimo Crocifsso Sanctuary in Castel San Pietro (Bologna, Italy) and the analysis of data collected by using velocimeters and accelerometers installed on the structure. The main goal is to assess the effects of the swinging bells on the dynamic behaviour of the tower. The paper's novelty relies on the kind of structure monitored and the originality of the experiments. The structure is a rare example of a carillon tower, with fifty-five bells of different sizes, subjected to a careful measurement campaign never carried out before. Six experiments were conducted selectively by activating the bells to measure the tower's response induced by different vibration sources and determine the peak velocities recorded by using instruments at different heights. Two ambient vibration tests complemented the six experiments. The carillon's action induces low velocities on the tower, while experiments involving the bells swinging in the upper chamber produce the highest velocity values in the swinging direction; these values are more significant than those induced by the carillon alone. The most robust action is induced on the tower when all the bells (carillon plus swinging bells) ring. The experimental results are complemented by numerical simulations of the dynamic behaviour of the tower subjected to the action of a swinging bell.Source: STRUCTURAL CONTROL AND HEALTH MONITORING
DOI: 10.1155/2023/1045234
Metrics:
Azzara Rm, Girardi M, Padovani C, Pellegrini D
This paper presents the experimental investigations conducted on the carillon tower of the Santissimo Crocifsso Sanctuary in Castel San Pietro (Bologna, Italy) and the analysis of data collected by using velocimeters and accelerometers installed on the structure. The main goal is to assess the effects of the swinging bells on the dynamic behaviour of the tower. The paper's novelty relies on the kind of structure monitored and the originality of the experiments. The structure is a rare example of a carillon tower, with fifty-five bells of different sizes, subjected to a careful measurement campaign never carried out before. Six experiments were conducted selectively by activating the bells to measure the tower's response induced by different vibration sources and determine the peak velocities recorded by using instruments at different heights. Two ambient vibration tests complemented the six experiments. The carillon's action induces low velocities on the tower, while experiments involving the bells swinging in the upper chamber produce the highest velocity values in the swinging direction; these values are more significant than those induced by the carillon alone. The most robust action is induced on the tower when all the bells (carillon plus swinging bells) ring. The experimental results are complemented by numerical simulations of the dynamic behaviour of the tower subjected to the action of a swinging bell.Source: STRUCTURAL CONTROL AND HEALTH MONITORING
DOI: 10.1155/2023/1045234
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CNR IRIS | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS
2023
Other
Restricted
Monitoraggio dinamico di ponti mediante reti wireless di sensori
Marra Am, Morano G, Nicese B, Salvatori L, Spinelli P, Girardi M, Padovani C, Pellegrini D
Report finale del progetto "Monitoraggio dinamico di ponti mediante reti wireless di sensori" (MOODWISE).
Marra Am, Morano G, Nicese B, Salvatori L, Spinelli P, Girardi M, Padovani C, Pellegrini D
Report finale del progetto "Monitoraggio dinamico di ponti mediante reti wireless di sensori" (MOODWISE).
2023
Other
Restricted
Progetto REVOLUTION - Piattaforma open-source orientata ai digital twins: tecniche di digitalizzazione 3D, monitoraggio delle vibrazioni e modellazione agli elementi finiti per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione di edifici storici e infrastrutture civili
Pellegrini D, Girardi M, Gurioli G, Padovani C
Report tecnico scientifico n.1 (attività svolta nel periodo 15 febbarioi 2022 - 15 febbraio 2023).
Pellegrini D, Girardi M, Gurioli G, Padovani C
Report tecnico scientifico n.1 (attività svolta nel periodo 15 febbarioi 2022 - 15 febbraio 2023).
2023
Other
Open Access
Pre and post-diction simulation of the seismic response of a masonry cross vault tested on a shaking table
Pellegrini D
Masonry vaults are widely employed in ancient constructions and play a crucial role in their static and dynamic behaviour. In the last decades, the scientific community has carried out, on the one hand, several experimental campaigns aimed at characterising the response of masonry vaults to horizontal actions; on the other, it has developed sophisticated numerical models able to catch the crucial features of their structural response. Within the framework of the SERA.TA project (Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe), pre and post-diction contests have been organised to assess the capability of numerical methods to predict the seismic response of a 1:1 scale model of a masonry cross vault, realised and tested at LNEC laboratory (Portugal). This paper outlines the numerical analyses performed on some vault models within the pre and post-diction phase of the project. The numerical models have been created and analysed with NOSA-ITACA, a finite element software implemented at ISTI-CNR and devoted to the structural analysis of ancient masonry constructions. Pros and cons of the numerical simulations have been analysed, comparing the prediction and post-diction results with the experimental data in terms of accelerations, displacements, and crack patterns. Numerical results fit the experimental outcomes, and betterment is evident in the post-diction phase.
Pellegrini D
Masonry vaults are widely employed in ancient constructions and play a crucial role in their static and dynamic behaviour. In the last decades, the scientific community has carried out, on the one hand, several experimental campaigns aimed at characterising the response of masonry vaults to horizontal actions; on the other, it has developed sophisticated numerical models able to catch the crucial features of their structural response. Within the framework of the SERA.TA project (Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe), pre and post-diction contests have been organised to assess the capability of numerical methods to predict the seismic response of a 1:1 scale model of a masonry cross vault, realised and tested at LNEC laboratory (Portugal). This paper outlines the numerical analyses performed on some vault models within the pre and post-diction phase of the project. The numerical models have been created and analysed with NOSA-ITACA, a finite element software implemented at ISTI-CNR and devoted to the structural analysis of ancient masonry constructions. Pros and cons of the numerical simulations have been analysed, comparing the prediction and post-diction results with the experimental data in terms of accelerations, displacements, and crack patterns. Numerical results fit the experimental outcomes, and betterment is evident in the post-diction phase.
See at:
CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS
2023
Journal article
Open Access
Experimental investigations and numerical modelling: a fruitful interaction for the nonlinear dynamical analysis of masonry structures
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
This paper describes the experiments carried out on a medieval masonry tower in the historic centre of Lucca and some finite element numerical simulations of the tower's experimental response. The Guinigi Tower, one of the most iconic monuments in Lucca, has been continuously monitored by high-sensitive seismic stations that recorded the structure's response to the dynamic actions of the surrounding environment. The monitoring campaign results have been analysed to show the effectiveness of dynamic monitoring as a valuable source of information on the structural properties of the tower. The dynamic analyses of the tower and the surrounding palace subjected to some seismic events recorded during the experiments have highlighted the capabilities of experiment-based finite element modelling. The calibration of the finite element model and the numerical analysis have been carried out by resorting to procedures developed at ISTI-CNR and able to consider the nonlinear behaviour of masonry materials.Source: CONTINUUM MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
DOI: 10.1007/s00161-023-01264-2
Metrics:
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
This paper describes the experiments carried out on a medieval masonry tower in the historic centre of Lucca and some finite element numerical simulations of the tower's experimental response. The Guinigi Tower, one of the most iconic monuments in Lucca, has been continuously monitored by high-sensitive seismic stations that recorded the structure's response to the dynamic actions of the surrounding environment. The monitoring campaign results have been analysed to show the effectiveness of dynamic monitoring as a valuable source of information on the structural properties of the tower. The dynamic analyses of the tower and the surrounding palace subjected to some seismic events recorded during the experiments have highlighted the capabilities of experiment-based finite element modelling. The calibration of the finite element model and the numerical analysis have been carried out by resorting to procedures developed at ISTI-CNR and able to consider the nonlinear behaviour of masonry materials.Source: CONTINUUM MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
DOI: 10.1007/s00161-023-01264-2
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See at:
CNR IRIS | link.springer.com | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS
2023
Journal article
Open Access
Effects of temperature variations on the modal properties of masonry structures: an experimental-based numerical modelling approach
Pellegrini D., Barontini A., Girardi M., Lourenço P. B., Masciotta M. G., Mendes N., Padovani C., Ramos L. F.
Long-term ambient vibration monitoring campaigns show that environmental parameters (such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction) can influence the structures' static and dynamic behaviour. In particular, thermal variations can affect the modal characteristics of ancient masonry constructions. This work presents a procedure combining experimental and numerical steps to monitor, assess and model the dynamic behaviour of masonry structures subjected to thermal loads. The procedure is tested and validated through two numerical examples and the simulation of a full-scale masonry structure, the Mogadouro clock tower in Portugal, monitored with accelerometers and temperature and humidity sensors.Source: STRUCTURES, vol. 53, pp. 595-613
DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.04.080
Metrics:
Pellegrini D., Barontini A., Girardi M., Lourenço P. B., Masciotta M. G., Mendes N., Padovani C., Ramos L. F.
Long-term ambient vibration monitoring campaigns show that environmental parameters (such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction) can influence the structures' static and dynamic behaviour. In particular, thermal variations can affect the modal characteristics of ancient masonry constructions. This work presents a procedure combining experimental and numerical steps to monitor, assess and model the dynamic behaviour of masonry structures subjected to thermal loads. The procedure is tested and validated through two numerical examples and the simulation of a full-scale masonry structure, the Mogadouro clock tower in Portugal, monitored with accelerometers and temperature and humidity sensors.Source: STRUCTURES, vol. 53, pp. 595-613
DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.04.080
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | www.sciencedirect.com | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2023
Conference article
Open Access
Numerical pre-diction of the seismic behaviour of a masonry vault mock-up using the NOSA-ITACA code
Pellegrini D
Masonry vaults are widely employed in ancient constructions and play a crucial role in their static and dynamic response. Even if they are designed to withstand gravity and dead loads, these structural elements must also resist dynamic excitations caused by traffic and earthquakes; hence, the knowledge of their behaviour still requires in-depth analyses from experimental and numerical points of view. Within the framework of the SERA.TA project (Seismolo-gy and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe), a blind pre-diction contest has been organized to assess the numerical analyses capability to predict the seismic response of a 1:1 scale model of masonry cross vault, realized and tested at LNEC laboratory (Portugal). This paper describes the analyses conducted on a numerical model of the vault created by NOSA-ITACA, a code developed in-house by ISTI-CNR for the analysis and calibration of masonry structures. The experimental accelerations, displacements, and crack patterns have been compared with the predicted numerical ones achieved in the blind pre-diction phase, by performing a nonlinear dynamic analysis of the un-strengthened finite element model of the vault
Pellegrini D
Masonry vaults are widely employed in ancient constructions and play a crucial role in their static and dynamic response. Even if they are designed to withstand gravity and dead loads, these structural elements must also resist dynamic excitations caused by traffic and earthquakes; hence, the knowledge of their behaviour still requires in-depth analyses from experimental and numerical points of view. Within the framework of the SERA.TA project (Seismolo-gy and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe), a blind pre-diction contest has been organized to assess the numerical analyses capability to predict the seismic response of a 1:1 scale model of masonry cross vault, realized and tested at LNEC laboratory (Portugal). This paper describes the analyses conducted on a numerical model of the vault created by NOSA-ITACA, a code developed in-house by ISTI-CNR for the analysis and calibration of masonry structures. The experimental accelerations, displacements, and crack patterns have been compared with the predicted numerical ones achieved in the blind pre-diction phase, by performing a nonlinear dynamic analysis of the un-strengthened finite element model of the vault
See at:
2023.compdyn.org | CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS
2023
Conference article
Open Access
Long-term monitoring of a masonry tower with wireless accelerometers
Zini G., Marafini F., Monchetti S., Betti M., Facchini L., Bartoli G., Girardi M., Gurioli G., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
During the last decades, significant efforts have been made to define appropriate Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) frameworks based on the vibration signatures collected by accelerometers. Data-driven approaches are increasingly adopted for damage detection through the identification of anomalies in the distribution of the frequencies. This paper analyzes the long-term monitoring data acquired from a system installed on the Matilde tower in Livorno (Italy). The tower is a historic masonry structure monitored since the end of 2018 using a wireless sensor network developed during the MOSCARDO project.
Zini G., Marafini F., Monchetti S., Betti M., Facchini L., Bartoli G., Girardi M., Gurioli G., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
During the last decades, significant efforts have been made to define appropriate Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) frameworks based on the vibration signatures collected by accelerometers. Data-driven approaches are increasingly adopted for damage detection through the identification of anomalies in the distribution of the frequencies. This paper analyzes the long-term monitoring data acquired from a system installed on the Matilde tower in Livorno (Italy). The tower is a historic masonry structure monitored since the end of 2018 using a wireless sensor network developed during the MOSCARDO project.
See at:
2023.compdyn.org | CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS
2023
Journal article
Open Access
Pre- and post-diction simulation of the seismic response of a masonry cross vault tested on a shaking table
Pellegrini D
Masonry vaults are widely employed in ancient constructions and play a crucial role in their static and dynamic behaviour. In the last decades, the scientific community has carried out, on the one hand, several experimental campaigns aimed at characterising the response of masonry vaults to horizontal actions; on the other, it has developed sophisticated numerical models able to catch the crucial features of their structural response. Within the framework of the SERA.TA project (Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe), pre and post-diction contests have been organised to assess the capability of numerical methods to predict the seismic response of a 1:1 scale model of a masonry cross vault, realised and tested at LNEC laboratory (Portugal). This paper outlines the numerical analyses performed on two vault models within the pre and post-diction phase of the project. The numerical models have been created and analysed with NOSA-ITACA, a finite element software implemented at ISTI-CNR and devoted to the structural analysis of ancient masonry constructions. Pros and cons of the numerical simulations have been analysed, comparing the prediction and post-diction results with the experimental data in terms of accelerations, displacements, and crack patterns. Numerical results fit the experimental outcomes, and betterment is evident in the post-diction phaseSource: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE (ONLINE)
DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2023.2242812
Metrics:
Pellegrini D
Masonry vaults are widely employed in ancient constructions and play a crucial role in their static and dynamic behaviour. In the last decades, the scientific community has carried out, on the one hand, several experimental campaigns aimed at characterising the response of masonry vaults to horizontal actions; on the other, it has developed sophisticated numerical models able to catch the crucial features of their structural response. Within the framework of the SERA.TA project (Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe), pre and post-diction contests have been organised to assess the capability of numerical methods to predict the seismic response of a 1:1 scale model of a masonry cross vault, realised and tested at LNEC laboratory (Portugal). This paper outlines the numerical analyses performed on two vault models within the pre and post-diction phase of the project. The numerical models have been created and analysed with NOSA-ITACA, a finite element software implemented at ISTI-CNR and devoted to the structural analysis of ancient masonry constructions. Pros and cons of the numerical simulations have been analysed, comparing the prediction and post-diction results with the experimental data in terms of accelerations, displacements, and crack patterns. Numerical results fit the experimental outcomes, and betterment is evident in the post-diction phaseSource: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE (ONLINE)
DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2023.2242812
Metrics:
See at:
CNR IRIS | ISTI Repository | www.tandfonline.com | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS
2023
Contribution to book
Open Access
Numerical modelling of historical masonry structures with the finite element code NOSA-ITACA
Girardi M, Padovani C, Pellegrini D, Porcelli M, Robol L
This chapter presents the finite element code NOSA-ITACA for static and modal analyses of masonry structures of architectural interest. NOSA-ITACA adopts the constitutive equation of masonrylike materials, which considers masonry a non-linear elastic material with zero tensile strength. The capability of modelling restoration and consolidation operations makes the code a helpful tool for maintaining historical buildings. In recent years, long-term vibration monitoring turned out to be an effective non-destructive technique to investigate the dynamic behaviour and check the health status of historical buildings. Changes in their dynamic properties, such as natural frequencies, can represent effective damage indicators. The latest NOSA-ITACA developments are oriented towards structural health monitoring. The availability of the experimental modal properties of a structure makes it possible to calibrate its finite element model via model updating procedures. In particular, the unknown structure's characteristics, such as materials' properties and boundary conditions, can be determined by solving a minimum problem whose objective function is expressed as the discrepancy between experimental frequencies and mode shapes and their numerical counterparts. Several case studies are presented to show the main features of NOSA-ITACA and its effectiveness in the conservation of architectural heritage.Source: SPRINGER INDAM SERIES (ONLINE), pp. 133-152
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-3679-3_9
Metrics:
Girardi M, Padovani C, Pellegrini D, Porcelli M, Robol L
This chapter presents the finite element code NOSA-ITACA for static and modal analyses of masonry structures of architectural interest. NOSA-ITACA adopts the constitutive equation of masonrylike materials, which considers masonry a non-linear elastic material with zero tensile strength. The capability of modelling restoration and consolidation operations makes the code a helpful tool for maintaining historical buildings. In recent years, long-term vibration monitoring turned out to be an effective non-destructive technique to investigate the dynamic behaviour and check the health status of historical buildings. Changes in their dynamic properties, such as natural frequencies, can represent effective damage indicators. The latest NOSA-ITACA developments are oriented towards structural health monitoring. The availability of the experimental modal properties of a structure makes it possible to calibrate its finite element model via model updating procedures. In particular, the unknown structure's characteristics, such as materials' properties and boundary conditions, can be determined by solving a minimum problem whose objective function is expressed as the discrepancy between experimental frequencies and mode shapes and their numerical counterparts. Several case studies are presented to show the main features of NOSA-ITACA and its effectiveness in the conservation of architectural heritage.Source: SPRINGER INDAM SERIES (ONLINE), pp. 133-152
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-3679-3_9
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See at:
CNR IRIS | link.springer.com | ISTI Repository | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS | CNR IRIS