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2023 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Dynamic Behaviour of the Carillon Tower in Castel San Pietro Terme, Italy
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
This paper presents the experimental investigations conducted on the carillon tower of the Santissimo Crocifsso Sanctuary in Castel San Pietro (Bologna, Italy) and the analysis of data collected by using velocimeters and accelerometers installed on the structure. The main goal is to assess the effects of the swinging bells on the dynamic behaviour of the tower. The paper's novelty relies on the kind of structure monitored and the originality of the experiments. The structure is a rare example of a carillon tower, with fifty-five bells of different sizes, subjected to a careful measurement campaign never carried out before. Six experiments were conducted selectively by activating the bells to measure the tower's response induced by different vibration sources and determine the peak velocities recorded by using instruments at different heights. Two ambient vibration tests complemented the six experiments. The carillon's action induces low velocities on the tower, while experiments involving the bells swinging in the upper chamber produce the highest velocity values in the swinging direction; these values are more significant than those induced by the carillon alone. The most robust action is induced on the tower when all the bells (carillon plus swinging bells) ring. The experimental results are complemented by numerical simulations of the dynamic behaviour of the tower subjected to the action of a swinging bell.Source: Structural control and health monitoring (Online) (2023). doi:10.1155/2023/1045234
DOI: 10.1155/2023/1045234
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See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Open Access | www.hindawi.com Open Access


2023 Master thesis Embargo
Analisi del collasso di strutture ad arco in muratura: indagini sperimentali su modelli in scala
E. Casassa
La tesi vuole analizzare il comportamento sperimentale di modelli in scala di arco sottoposti a carichi pseudostatici incrementali. I modelli degli archi sono ottenuti accostando, a secco, i conci ottenuti attraverso una stampante 3D. L'azione sismica viene simulata come una forza statica d'inerzia, proporzionale alla massa. In questo senso, per applicare un pattern di carichi adeguato è stata prevista la costruzione di una tilting table. I risultati sperimentali, raccolti sottoforma di moltiplicatori dei carichi orizzontali di collasso , vengono successivamente analizzati criticamente confrontandoli con i risultati teorici (trovati attraverso il teorema cinematico) ed i risultati forniti dal software di calcolo NOSA-ITACA.

See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted


2023 Report Closed Access
Monitoraggio dinamico di ponti mediante reti wireless di sensori
Marra A. M., Morano G., Nicese B., Salvatori L., Spinelli P., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Report finale del progetto "Monitoraggio dinamico di ponti mediante reti wireless di sensori" (MOODWISE).Source: ISTI Project reports, 2023

See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted


2023 Report Closed Access
Progetto REVOLUTION - Piattaforma open-source orientata ai digital twins: tecniche di digitalizzazione 3D, monitoraggio delle vibrazioni e mvdellazione agli elementi finiti per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione di edifici storici e infrastrutture civili
Pellegrini D., Girardi M, Gurioli G., Padovani C.
Report tecnico scientifico n.1 (attività svolta nel periodo 15 febbarioi 2022 - 15 febbraio 2023).Source: ISTI Project reports, REVOLUTION, 2023

See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted


2022 Journal article Open Access OPEN
The influence of deflections on the static and dynamic behaviour of masonry columns
Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
This paper studies the influence of bending deflections on the structural behaviour of masonry columns. Some explicit solutions are presented, and the combined effects of the constitutive and geometric nonlinearities are investigated through an iterative numerical procedure. The results show that considering second-order effects affects both the collapse load and the dynamical properties of masonry beams significantly.Source: European journal of mechanics, A, Solids (Print) 94 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104570
DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104570
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See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Restricted | www.sciencedirect.com Restricted


2022 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Dynamic monitoring of a tunnel-like masonry structure via WSN
Bartoli G., Betti M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Zini G.
This paper reports an application of wireless sensor network technology to the long-term monitoring of a historic masonry tunnel-like structure located in Italy. The monitoring was performed within the activity of a research project aimed at providing a general framework to check the structural health of heritage structures and to real-time detect any potential damage that may compromise their safety. The tunnel-like structure was selected being, to the best of authors' knowledge, a challenging experiment both for the type of structure itself and for the technical solution to be employed for installing the monitoring system. This paper, after a brief description of the installed monitoring system and the design of the sensor layout, summarizes the lesson learned after one year of monitoring.Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Structures and buildings (2022). doi:10.1680/jstbu.21.00082
DOI: 10.1680/jstbu.21.00082
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See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Restricted | www.icevirtuallibrary.com Restricted


2022 Report Open Access OPEN
Dynamic behaviour of the carillon tower in Castel San Pietro, Italy
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
The paper presents the experimental investigations conducted on the carillon tower of the Santissimo Crocifisso Sanctuary in Castel San Pietro (Bologna, Italy) and the analysis of data collected by velocimeters and accelerometers installed on the structure. The main goal is to assess the effects of the swinging bells on the dynamic behaviour of the tower. The paper's novelty relies on the kind of structure monitored, and the approach followed. The structure is a rare example of a carillon tower, subjected to a careful measurement campaign never carried out before. Moreover, the experimental results are complemented by numerical simulations of the dynamic behaviour of the tower subjected to the action of a swinging bell.Source: ISTI Research reports, 2022

See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Open Access


2022 Conference article Closed Access
Structural health monitoring for architectural heritage: case studies in Central Italy
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Occhipinti M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Tanganelli M.
Structural health monitoring (SHM) has been recognized as a useful tool for experimentally assessing the structural behavior of historical buildings over time. If monitoring is performed continuously and for a long time, it allows to evaluate variations in the building's dynamic response to external factors. The main goal is to estimate the dynamic response of the monitored buildings to daily stresses produced by environmental and anthropogenic factors (variations in ambient temperature and humidity, wind velocity, vibrations produced by vehicular traffic or other anthropogenic noise sources including visitors, service staff, etc.) to distinguish ordinary fluctuations in the buildings' response from other anomalous behavior. Continuous monitoring also makes it possible to assess the impact of extraordinary events such as extreme weather events, earthquakes, excavations, cultural events involving many people nearby the monitored buildings. Some examples from the authors' many monitoring campaigns on monuments located in different urban environments are presented. In particular, the effect on one of the monitored buildings of the drastic reduction of seismic noise during the SarsCov2 pandemic lockdown is investigated.Source: EWSHM 2022 - European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, pp. 3–12, Palermo, Italy, 4-7/07/2022
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07254-3_1
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See at: link.springer.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA Restricted


2022 Conference article Restricted
Dynamic characterization of the Tower of Palazzo dei Vicari in Scarperia (Italy) during and after the 2019 Mugello seismic sequence
Azzara R. M., Cardinali V., Girardi M., Marini F., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Tanganelli M.
The paper presents the first results of an experimental campaign conducted on the Tower of Palazzo dei Vicari, in Scarperia, Italy. The Tower is a slender medieval structure located at the corner of the main façade of Palazzo dei Vicari. Over the centuries, both Tower and Palace have undergone several severe earthquakes; therefore, they have been reinforced with steel tie rods. In 2019 the structure was hit by the Mugello seismic sequence, which occurred between 9th December 2019 and the first half of January 2020. The mainshock was registered as 4.5 ML, with an epicenter 5 km far from the city of Scarperia. The earthquake was felt in Toscana and Emilia Romagna Regions and caused some damage in the area's cities. During the seismic sequence, two seismometers were installed on the Tower to record earthquakes and natural vibrations and evaluate the behavior of the structure under seismic loads. A second monitoring experiment has been more recently performed, in June 2021. Eight seismic stations were deployed along the height of the Tower, to achieve a complete dynamic identification of the structure. The ambient vibration tests before and after the seismic sequence made it possible to exclude the presence of damage and to calibrate the numerical model of the Tower via model updating techniques.Source: SEMC 2022 - Eighth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, pp. 215–220, Cape Town, South Africa, 5-7/09/2022
DOI: 10.1201/9781003348443-34
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See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted | www.taylorfrancis.com Restricted


2022 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Deep learning for structural health monitoring: an application to heritage structures
Carrara F., Falchi F., Girardi M., Messina N., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Thanks to recent advancements in numerical methods, computer power, and monitoring technology, seismic ambient noise provides precious information about the structural behavior of old buildings. The measurement of the vibrations produced by anthropic and environmental sources and their use for dynamic identification and structural health monitoring of buildings initiated an emerging, cross-disciplinary field engaging seismologists, engineers, mathematicians, and computer scientists. In this work, we employ recent deep learning techniques for time-series forecasting to inspect and detect anomalies in the large dataset recorded during a long-term monitoring campaign conducted on the San Frediano bell tower in Lucca. We frame the problem as an unsupervised anomaly detection task and train a Temporal Fusion Transformer to learn the normal dynamics of the structure. We then detect the anomalies by looking at the differences between the predicted and observed frequencies.Source: XXV CONVEGNO AIMETA 2022, Palermo, Italy, 4-8/09/2022

See at: arxiv.org Open Access | ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Open Access


2022 Report Closed Access
Progetto SOUL - Sismologia urbana nel centro storico di Lucca. Report. n.3
Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Azzara R. M.
Rapporto finale sulle attività di ricerca svolte durante il progetto SOUL (Sismologia urbana nel centro storico di Lucca) finanziato dalla Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca.Source: ISTI Project report, SOUL, report n. 3, 2022

See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted


2022 Dataset Unknown
Ambient vibrations of the San Frediano bell tower in Lucca
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
The San Frediano bell tower in Lucca, dating back to the thertheenth century, is located in the historic center of Lucca and is about 50 m high. The vibrations of the tower, subjected to ambient noise, were recorded from October 27th 2015, to September 9th 2017, using four three axial velocimeters installed at different positions along the tower's height. Data have been acquired continuously with a frequency of 100 sps.

See at: CNR ExploRA


2022 Dataset Unknown
Ambient vibrations of the Guinigi tower in Lucca
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
The Guinigi tower is located in the historic center of Lucca and dates back to the fourtheenth century. The vibrations of the tower under ambient noise were continuosuly measured from June 25th 2021 to September 13th 2022 via four three-axial velocimeters installed at different positions along the tower's heigth. Data were acquired at 100 sps.

See at: CNR ExploRA


2021 Journal article Open Access OPEN
The natural frequencies of masonry beams
Girardi M.
The present paper aims at analytically evaluating the natural frequencies of cracked slender masonry elements. The problem is dealt with in the framework of linear perturbation, and the small oscillations of the structure are studied under loaded conditions, after the equilibrium for permanent loads has been achieved. A masonry beam element made of no-tension (masonry-like) material is considered, and some explicit expressions of the beam's fundamental frequency as a function of the external loads and the amplitude of imposed deformations are derived. The analytical results are validated via finite-element analysis.Source: Archive of applied mechanics (1991) (2021): 2369–2379. doi:10.1007/s00419-021-01887-4
DOI: 10.1007/s00419-021-01887-4
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2012.05704
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See at: arXiv.org e-Print Archive Open Access | Archive of Applied Mechanics Open Access | ISTI Repository Open Access | Archive of Applied Mechanics Restricted | doi.org Restricted | link.springer.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA Restricted


2021 Other Open Access OPEN
Torri in... movimento. Tutela e sicurezza nel progetto Soul del CNR
Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Azzara R. M.
Descrizione del progetto SOUL - Sismologia urbana nel centro storico di Lucca, finanziato dalla Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca (2019-2022).

See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Open Access | www.fondazionecarilucca.it Open Access


2021 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Influence of temperature on the structural behaviour of masonry buildings
Girardi M., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
This paper investigates the mechanical behaviour of heritage structures subjected to seasonal temperature variations. To this end, the constitutive equation of masonry-like materials, which has been embedded in the finite element code NOSA-ITACA (www.nosaitaca.it), is used to model the static and dynamic behaviour of simple arched masonry structures subjected to thermal loads.Source: SAHC 2021 - 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, pp. 2031–2042, Online event, 29/09/2021 - 01/10/2021
DOI: 10.23967/sahc.2021.132
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See at: CNR ExploRA Open Access | Scipedia Open Access | www.scipedia.com Open Access | doi.org Restricted


2021 Report Closed Access
PROGETTO SOUL - Sismologia urbana nel centro storico di Lucca. Rapporto di progetto n. 2
Girardi M., Marini F., Padovani C., Pellegrini D., Azzara R. M.
Rapporto relativo alle attività del secondo anno del progetto SOUL.Source: ISTI Project report, SOUL, 2, 2021

See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted


2021 Report Closed Access
Analisi delle vibrazioni prodotte dall'oscillazione delle campane sul Campanile del Santuario del Santissimo Crocefisso Castel San Pietro Terme (BO)
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Marini F., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
Rapporto tecnico sulla campagna di misure condotta da ISTi e INGV sul campanile della Chiesa del SS.mo Crocifisso di Castel San Pietro Terme (BO).Source: ISTI Technical Report, ISTI-2021-TR/015, 2021
DOI: 10.32079/isti-tr-2021/015
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See at: CNR ExploRA Restricted


2020 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Dynamic characterization of progressively damaged segmental masonry arches with one settled support: experimental and numerical analyses
Masciotta M. G., Pellegrini D., Girardi M., Padovani C., Barontini A., Lourenço P. B., Brigante D., Fabbrocino G.
This paper aims to explore the dynamic behavior of a segmental masonry arch subjected to increasing horizontal displacements of one support. To this end, output-only dynamic identification techniques are first used to track the evolution of the dynamic features of the system under progressive damage scenarios and evaluate their sensitivity to settlement-induced cracks. Considerations on the structural response of the segmental arch up to failure are also included. Then, a numerical procedure coupling linear perturbation and modal analysis is applied to simulate the dynamic behavior of the arch over consecutive scenarios, taking into account the influence of the damage on the structure's dynamic properties in an automatic way. The combination of experimental and numerical analyses allows to fully investigate the dynamics of the cracked masonry arch and to shed light on relevant aspects about the effects of settlement-induced cracks on the modal blueprints of masonry arches.Source: Frattura e Integrità Strutturale (2020). doi:10.3221/IGF-ESIS.51.31
DOI: 10.3221/igf-esis.51.31
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See at: Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale Open Access | Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM Open Access | ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Open Access | Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale Open Access | Fracture and Structural Integrity Open Access


2020 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Long-term dynamic monitoring of medieval masonry towers
Azzara R. M., Girardi M., Iafolla V., Padovani C., Pellegrini D.
The aim of the paper is to present and discuss the results of an ambient vibration monitoring campaign conducted in the old town of Lucca, over the period 2015-2018. Despite the low level of the ambient vibrations in the historic center, using high-sensitivity instrumentation allowed the authors to measure and study the dynamic behavior of two medieval masonry towers: the San Frediano belfry and the Clock Tower. The main results of the dynamic identification of the towers are summarized, together with the variation over time of their dynamic properties. Some insights on the towers' response to the anthropic activities in the historic center are also presented. Finally, a finite element simulation is performed with the aim of assessing the influence of temperature variations on the towers' natural frequencies; good agreement is found between numerical and experimental results. The paper provides the scientific and technical community with a detailed report on a singular experiment in the field of architectural heritage.Source: Frontiers in built environment Online (2020). doi:10.3389/fbuil.2020.00009
DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2020.00009
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See at: Frontiers in Built Environment Open Access | ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA Open Access | Frontiers in Built Environment Open Access | www.frontiersin.org Open Access