2022
Journal article
Open Access
Explaining short text classification with diverse synthetic exemplars and counter-exemplars
Lampridis O., State L., Guidotti R., Ruggieri S.
We present xspells, a model-agnostic local approach for explaining the decisions of black box models in classification of short texts. The explanations provided consist of a set of exemplar sentences and a set of counter-exemplar sentences. The former are examples classified by the black box with the same label as the text to explain. The latter are examples classified with a different label (a form of counter-factuals). Both are close in meaning to the text to explain, and both are meaningful sentences - albeit they are synthetically generated. xspells generates neighbors of the text to explain in a latent space using Variational Autoencoders for encoding text and decoding latent instances. A decision tree is learned from randomly generated neighbors, and used to drive the selection of the exemplars and counter-exemplars. Moreover, diversity of counter-exemplars is modeled as an optimization problem, solved by a greedy algorithm with theoretical guarantee. We report experiments on three datasets showing that xspells outperforms the well-known lime method in terms of quality of explanations, fidelity, diversity, and usefulness, and that is comparable to it in terms of stability.Source: Machine learning (2022). doi:10.1007/s10994-022-06150-7
DOI: 10.1007/s10994-022-06150-7
Project(s): NoBIAS
, SoBigData-PlusPlus
Metrics:
Lampridis O., State L., Guidotti R., Ruggieri S.
We present xspells, a model-agnostic local approach for explaining the decisions of black box models in classification of short texts. The explanations provided consist of a set of exemplar sentences and a set of counter-exemplar sentences. The former are examples classified by the black box with the same label as the text to explain. The latter are examples classified with a different label (a form of counter-factuals). Both are close in meaning to the text to explain, and both are meaningful sentences - albeit they are synthetically generated. xspells generates neighbors of the text to explain in a latent space using Variational Autoencoders for encoding text and decoding latent instances. A decision tree is learned from randomly generated neighbors, and used to drive the selection of the exemplars and counter-exemplars. Moreover, diversity of counter-exemplars is modeled as an optimization problem, solved by a greedy algorithm with theoretical guarantee. We report experiments on three datasets showing that xspells outperforms the well-known lime method in terms of quality of explanations, fidelity, diversity, and usefulness, and that is comparable to it in terms of stability.Source: Machine learning (2022). doi:10.1007/s10994-022-06150-7
DOI: 10.1007/s10994-022-06150-7
Project(s): NoBIAS
, SoBigData-PlusPlus Metrics:
See at:
link.springer.com 
| ISTI Repository | CNR ExploRA
2020
Journal article
Open Access
Causal inference for social discrimination reasoning
Qureshi B., Kamiran F., Karim A., Ruggieri S., Pedreschi D.
The discovery of discriminatory bias in human or automated decision making is a task of increasing importance and difficulty, exacerbated by the pervasive use of machine learning and data mining. Currently, discrimination discovery largely relies upon correlation analysis of decisions records, disregarding the impact of confounding biases. We present a method for causal discrimination discovery based on propensity score analysis, a statistical tool for filtering out the effect of confounding variables. We introduce causal measures of discrimination which quantify the effect of group membership on the decisions, and highlight causal discrimination/favoritism patterns by learning regression trees over the novel measures. We validate our approach on two real world datasets. Our proposed framework for causal discrimination has the potential to enhance the transparency of machine learning with tools for detecting discriminatory bias both in the training data and in the learning algorithms.Source: Journal of intelligent information systems 54 (2020): 425–437. doi:10.1007/s10844-019-00580-x
DOI: 10.1007/s10844-019-00580-x
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1608.03735
Metrics:
Qureshi B., Kamiran F., Karim A., Ruggieri S., Pedreschi D.
The discovery of discriminatory bias in human or automated decision making is a task of increasing importance and difficulty, exacerbated by the pervasive use of machine learning and data mining. Currently, discrimination discovery largely relies upon correlation analysis of decisions records, disregarding the impact of confounding biases. We present a method for causal discrimination discovery based on propensity score analysis, a statistical tool for filtering out the effect of confounding variables. We introduce causal measures of discrimination which quantify the effect of group membership on the decisions, and highlight causal discrimination/favoritism patterns by learning regression trees over the novel measures. We validate our approach on two real world datasets. Our proposed framework for causal discrimination has the potential to enhance the transparency of machine learning with tools for detecting discriminatory bias both in the training data and in the learning algorithms.Source: Journal of intelligent information systems 54 (2020): 425–437. doi:10.1007/s10844-019-00580-x
DOI: 10.1007/s10844-019-00580-x
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1608.03735
Metrics:
See at:
arXiv.org e-Print Archive | Journal of Intelligent Information Systems | ISTI Repository | Journal of Intelligent Information Systems 
| doi.org | link.springer.com | CNR ExploRA
2019
Journal article
Open Access
A survey of methods for explaining black box models
Guidotti R., Monreale A., Ruggieri S., Turini F., Giannotti F., Pedreschi D.
In recent years, many accurate decision support systems have been constructed as black boxes, that is as systems that hide their internal logic to the user. This lack of explanation constitutes both a practical and an ethical issue. The literature reports many approaches aimed at overcoming this crucial weakness, sometimes at the cost of sacrificing accuracy for interpretability. The applications in which black box decision systems can be used are various, and each approach is typically developed to provide a solution for a specific problem and, as a consequence, it explicitly or implicitly delineates its own definition of interpretability and explanation. The aim of this article is to provide a classification of the main problems addressed in the literature with respect to the notion of explanation and the type of black box system. Given a problem definition, a black box type, and a desired explanation, this survey should help the researcher to find the proposals more useful for his own work. The proposed classification of approaches to open black box models should also be useful for putting the many research open questions in perspective.Source: ACM computing surveys 51 (2019). doi:10.1145/3236009
DOI: 10.1145/3236009
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1802.01933
Project(s): SoBigData
Metrics:
Guidotti R., Monreale A., Ruggieri S., Turini F., Giannotti F., Pedreschi D.
In recent years, many accurate decision support systems have been constructed as black boxes, that is as systems that hide their internal logic to the user. This lack of explanation constitutes both a practical and an ethical issue. The literature reports many approaches aimed at overcoming this crucial weakness, sometimes at the cost of sacrificing accuracy for interpretability. The applications in which black box decision systems can be used are various, and each approach is typically developed to provide a solution for a specific problem and, as a consequence, it explicitly or implicitly delineates its own definition of interpretability and explanation. The aim of this article is to provide a classification of the main problems addressed in the literature with respect to the notion of explanation and the type of black box system. Given a problem definition, a black box type, and a desired explanation, this survey should help the researcher to find the proposals more useful for his own work. The proposed classification of approaches to open black box models should also be useful for putting the many research open questions in perspective.Source: ACM computing surveys 51 (2019). doi:10.1145/3236009
DOI: 10.1145/3236009
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1802.01933
Project(s): SoBigData
Metrics:
See at:
arXiv.org e-Print Archive | Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Scuola Normale Superiore | dl.acm.org | ACM Computing Surveys | Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa | ISTI Repository | CNR ExploRA | ACM Computing Surveys | doi.org
2019
Conference article
Open Access
On the stability of interpretable models
Guidotti R., Ruggieri S.
Interpretable classification models are built with the purpose of providing a comprehensible description of the decision logic to an external oversight agent. When considered in isolation, a decision tree, a set of classification rules, or a linear model, are widely recognized as human-interpretable. However, such models are generated as part of a larger analytical process. Bias in data collection and preparation, or in model's construction may severely affect the accountability of the design process. We conduct an experimental study of the stability of interpretable models with respect to feature selection, instance selection, and model selection. Our conclusions should raise awareness and attention of the scientific community on the need of a stability impact assessment of interpretable models.Source: IJCNN 2019 - International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Budapest, Hungary, 14-19 July, 2019
DOI: 10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8852158
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1810.09352
Project(s): SoBigData
Metrics:
Guidotti R., Ruggieri S.
Interpretable classification models are built with the purpose of providing a comprehensible description of the decision logic to an external oversight agent. When considered in isolation, a decision tree, a set of classification rules, or a linear model, are widely recognized as human-interpretable. However, such models are generated as part of a larger analytical process. Bias in data collection and preparation, or in model's construction may severely affect the accountability of the design process. We conduct an experimental study of the stability of interpretable models with respect to feature selection, instance selection, and model selection. Our conclusions should raise awareness and attention of the scientific community on the need of a stability impact assessment of interpretable models.Source: IJCNN 2019 - International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Budapest, Hungary, 14-19 July, 2019
DOI: 10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8852158
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1810.09352
Project(s): SoBigData
Metrics:
See at:
arXiv.org e-Print Archive | arxiv.org | ISTI Repository | doi.org | doi.org | ieeexplore.ieee.org | CNR ExploRA
2018
Contribution to book
Open Access
How data mining and machine learning evolved from relational data base to data science
Amato G., Candela L., Castelli D., Esuli A., Falchi F., Gennaro C., Giannotti F., Monreale A., Nanni M., Pagano P., Pappalardo L., Pedreschi D., Pratesi F., Rabitti F., Rinzivillo S., Rossetti G., Ruggieri S., Sebastiani F., Tesconi M.
During the last 35 years, data management principles such as physical and logical independence, declarative querying and cost-based optimization have led to profound pervasiveness of relational databases in any kind of organization. More importantly, these technical advances have enabled the first round of business intelligence applications and laid the foundation for managing and analyzing Big Data today.Source: A Comprehensive Guide Through the Italian Database Research Over the Last 25 Years, edited by Sergio Flesca, Sergio Greco, Elio Masciari, Domenico Saccà, pp. 287–306, 2018
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61893-7_17
Metrics:
Amato G., Candela L., Castelli D., Esuli A., Falchi F., Gennaro C., Giannotti F., Monreale A., Nanni M., Pagano P., Pappalardo L., Pedreschi D., Pratesi F., Rabitti F., Rinzivillo S., Rossetti G., Ruggieri S., Sebastiani F., Tesconi M.
During the last 35 years, data management principles such as physical and logical independence, declarative querying and cost-based optimization have led to profound pervasiveness of relational databases in any kind of organization. More importantly, these technical advances have enabled the first round of business intelligence applications and laid the foundation for managing and analyzing Big Data today.Source: A Comprehensive Guide Through the Italian Database Research Over the Last 25 Years, edited by Sergio Flesca, Sergio Greco, Elio Masciari, Domenico Saccà, pp. 287–306, 2018
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61893-7_17
Metrics:
See at:
arpi.unipi.it | ISTI Repository | doi.org | link.springer.com | CNR ExploRA
2018
Report
Open Access
Assessing the stability of interpretable models
Guidotti R., Ruggieri S.
Interpretable classification models are built with the purpose of providing a comprehensible description of the decision logic to an external oversight agent. When considered in isolation, a decision tree, a set of classification rules, or a linear model, are widely recognized as human-interpretable. However, such models are generated as part of a larger analytical process, which, in particular, comprises data collection and filtering. Selection bias in data collection or in data pre-processing may affect the model learned. Although model induction algorithms are designed to learn to generalize, they pursue optimization of predictive accuracy. It remains unclear how interpretability is instead impacted. We conduct an experimental analysis to investigate whether interpretable models are able to cope with data selection bias as far as interpretability is concerned.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2018
Project(s): SoBigData
Guidotti R., Ruggieri S.
Interpretable classification models are built with the purpose of providing a comprehensible description of the decision logic to an external oversight agent. When considered in isolation, a decision tree, a set of classification rules, or a linear model, are widely recognized as human-interpretable. However, such models are generated as part of a larger analytical process, which, in particular, comprises data collection and filtering. Selection bias in data collection or in data pre-processing may affect the model learned. Although model induction algorithms are designed to learn to generalize, they pursue optimization of predictive accuracy. It remains unclear how interpretability is instead impacted. We conduct an experimental analysis to investigate whether interpretable models are able to cope with data selection bias as far as interpretability is concerned.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2018
Project(s): SoBigData
See at:
arxiv.org | ISTI Repository | CNR ExploRA
2018
Report
Open Access
Local rule-based explanations of black box decision systems
Guidotti R., Monreale A., Ruggieri S., Pedreschi D., Turini F., Giannotti F.
The recent years have witnessed the rise of accurate but obscure decision systems which hide the logic of their internal decision processes to the users. The lack of explanations for the decisions of black box systems is a key ethical issue, and a limitation to the adoption of machine learning components in socially sensitive and safety-critical contexts.% Therefore, we need explanations that reveals the reasons why a predictor takes a certain decision. In this paper we focus on the problem of black box outcome explanation, ie, explaining the reasons of the decision taken on a specific instance. We propose LORE, an agnostic method able to provide interpretable and faithful explanations. LORE first leans a local interpretable predictor on a synthetic neighborhood generated by a genetic algorithm. Then it derives from the logic of the local interpretable predictor a meaningful explanation consisting of: a decision rule, which explains the reasons of the decision; and a set of counterfactual rules, suggesting the changes in the instance's features that lead to a different outcome. Wide experiments show that LORE outperforms existing methods and baselines both in the quality of explanations and in the accuracy in mimicking the black box.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2018
Project(s): SoBigData
Guidotti R., Monreale A., Ruggieri S., Pedreschi D., Turini F., Giannotti F.
The recent years have witnessed the rise of accurate but obscure decision systems which hide the logic of their internal decision processes to the users. The lack of explanations for the decisions of black box systems is a key ethical issue, and a limitation to the adoption of machine learning components in socially sensitive and safety-critical contexts.% Therefore, we need explanations that reveals the reasons why a predictor takes a certain decision. In this paper we focus on the problem of black box outcome explanation, ie, explaining the reasons of the decision taken on a specific instance. We propose LORE, an agnostic method able to provide interpretable and faithful explanations. LORE first leans a local interpretable predictor on a synthetic neighborhood generated by a genetic algorithm. Then it derives from the logic of the local interpretable predictor a meaningful explanation consisting of: a decision rule, which explains the reasons of the decision; and a set of counterfactual rules, suggesting the changes in the instance's features that lead to a different outcome. Wide experiments show that LORE outperforms existing methods and baselines both in the quality of explanations and in the accuracy in mimicking the black box.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2018
Project(s): SoBigData
See at:
arxiv.org | ISTI Repository | CNR ExploRA
2018
Report
Open Access
Open the black box data-driven explanation of black box decision systems
Pedreschi D., Giannotti F., Guidotti R., Monreale A., Pappalardo L., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
Black box systems for automated decision making, often based on machine learning over (big) data, map a user's features into a class or a score without exposing the reasons why. This is problematic not only for lack of transparency, but also for possible biases hidden in the algorithms, due to human prejudices and collection artifacts hidden in the training data, which may lead to unfair or wrong decisions. We introduce the local-to-global framework for black box explanation, a novel approach with promising early results, which paves the road for a wide spectrum of future developments along three dimensions:(i) the language for expressing explanations in terms of highly expressive logic-based rules, with a statistical and causal interpretation;(ii) the inference of local explanations aimed at revealing the logic of the decision adopted for a specific instance by querying and auditing the black box in the vicinity of the target instance;(iii), the bottom-up generalization of the many local explanations into simple global ones, with algorithms that optimize the quality and comprehensibility of explanations.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2018
Project(s): SoBigData
Pedreschi D., Giannotti F., Guidotti R., Monreale A., Pappalardo L., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
Black box systems for automated decision making, often based on machine learning over (big) data, map a user's features into a class or a score without exposing the reasons why. This is problematic not only for lack of transparency, but also for possible biases hidden in the algorithms, due to human prejudices and collection artifacts hidden in the training data, which may lead to unfair or wrong decisions. We introduce the local-to-global framework for black box explanation, a novel approach with promising early results, which paves the road for a wide spectrum of future developments along three dimensions:(i) the language for expressing explanations in terms of highly expressive logic-based rules, with a statistical and causal interpretation;(ii) the inference of local explanations aimed at revealing the logic of the decision adopted for a specific instance by querying and auditing the black box in the vicinity of the target instance;(iii), the bottom-up generalization of the many local explanations into simple global ones, with algorithms that optimize the quality and comprehensibility of explanations.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2018
Project(s): SoBigData
See at:
arxiv.org | ISTI Repository | CNR ExploRA
2017
Conference article
Open Access
Efficiently clustering very large attributed graphs
Baroni A., Conte A., Patrignani M., Ruggieri S.
Attributed graphs model real networks by enriching their nodes with attributes accounting for properties. Several techniques have been proposed for partitioning these graphs into clusters that are homogeneous with respect to both semantic attributes and to the structure of the graph. However, time and space complexities of state of the art algorithms limit their scalability to medium-sized graphs. We propose SToC (for Semantic-Topological Clustering), a fast and scalable algorithm for partitioning large attributed graphs. The approach is robust, being compatible both with categorical and with quantitative attributes, and it is tailorable, allowing the user to weight the semantic and topological components. Further, the approach does not require the user to guess in advance the number of clusters. SToC relies on well known approximation techniques such as bottom-k sketches, traditional graph-theoretic concepts, and a new perspective on the composition of heterogeneous distance measures. Experimental results demonstrate its ability to efficiently compute high-quality partitions of large scale attributed graphs.Source: 2017 IEEE/ACM: International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining 2017, July-August 2017
DOI: 10.1145/3110025.3110030
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1703.08590
Metrics:
Baroni A., Conte A., Patrignani M., Ruggieri S.
Attributed graphs model real networks by enriching their nodes with attributes accounting for properties. Several techniques have been proposed for partitioning these graphs into clusters that are homogeneous with respect to both semantic attributes and to the structure of the graph. However, time and space complexities of state of the art algorithms limit their scalability to medium-sized graphs. We propose SToC (for Semantic-Topological Clustering), a fast and scalable algorithm for partitioning large attributed graphs. The approach is robust, being compatible both with categorical and with quantitative attributes, and it is tailorable, allowing the user to weight the semantic and topological components. Further, the approach does not require the user to guess in advance the number of clusters. SToC relies on well known approximation techniques such as bottom-k sketches, traditional graph-theoretic concepts, and a new perspective on the composition of heterogeneous distance measures. Experimental results demonstrate its ability to efficiently compute high-quality partitions of large scale attributed graphs.Source: 2017 IEEE/ACM: International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining 2017, July-August 2017
DOI: 10.1145/3110025.3110030
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1703.08590
Metrics:
See at:
arXiv.org e-Print Archive | arxiv.org | ISTI Repository | dl.acm.org | doi.org | doi.org | CNR ExploRA
2016
Journal article
Open Access
Big data research in Italy: a perspective
Bergamaschi S., Carlini E., Ceci M., Furletti B., Giannotti F., Malerba D., Mezzanzanica M., Monreale A., Pasi G., Pedreschi D., Perego R., Ruggieri S.
The aim of this article is to synthetically describe the research projects that a selection of Italian universities is undertaking in the context of big data. Far from being exhaustive, this article has the objective of offering a sample of distinct applications that address the issue of managing huge amounts of data in Italy, collected in relation to diverse domains.Source: Engineering (Beijing) 2 (2016): 163–170. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2016.02.011
DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2016.02.011
Metrics:
Bergamaschi S., Carlini E., Ceci M., Furletti B., Giannotti F., Malerba D., Mezzanzanica M., Monreale A., Pasi G., Pedreschi D., Perego R., Ruggieri S.
The aim of this article is to synthetically describe the research projects that a selection of Italian universities is undertaking in the context of big data. Far from being exhaustive, this article has the objective of offering a sample of distinct applications that address the issue of managing huge amounts of data in Italy, collected in relation to diverse domains.Source: Engineering (Beijing) 2 (2016): 163–170. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2016.02.011
DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2016.02.011
Metrics:
See at:
doi.org | ISTI Repository | CNR ExploRA | Engineering
2014
Journal article
Open Access
A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis
Romei A., Ruggieri S.
The collection and analysis of observational and experimental data represent the main tools for assessing the presence, the extent, the nature, and the trend of discrimination phenomena. Data analysis techniques have been proposed in the last 50 years in the economic, legal, statistical, and, recently, in the data mining literature. This is not surprising, since discrimination analysis is a multidisciplinary problem, involving sociological causes, legal argumentations, economic models, statistical techniques, and computational issues. The objective of this survey is to provide a guidance and a glue for researchers and anti-discrimination data analysts on concepts, problems, application areas, datasets, methods, and approaches from a multidisciplinary perspective. We organize the approaches according to their method of data collection as observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies. A fourth line of recently blooming research on knowledge discovery based methods is also covered. Observational methods are further categorized on the basis of their application context: labor economics, social profiling, consumer markets, and others.Source: Knowledge engineering review (Print) 29 (2014): 582–638. doi:10.1017/S0269888913000039
DOI: 10.1017/s0269888913000039
Metrics:
Romei A., Ruggieri S.
The collection and analysis of observational and experimental data represent the main tools for assessing the presence, the extent, the nature, and the trend of discrimination phenomena. Data analysis techniques have been proposed in the last 50 years in the economic, legal, statistical, and, recently, in the data mining literature. This is not surprising, since discrimination analysis is a multidisciplinary problem, involving sociological causes, legal argumentations, economic models, statistical techniques, and computational issues. The objective of this survey is to provide a guidance and a glue for researchers and anti-discrimination data analysts on concepts, problems, application areas, datasets, methods, and approaches from a multidisciplinary perspective. We organize the approaches according to their method of data collection as observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies. A fourth line of recently blooming research on knowledge discovery based methods is also covered. Observational methods are further categorized on the basis of their application context: labor economics, social profiling, consumer markets, and others.Source: Knowledge engineering review (Print) 29 (2014): 582–638. doi:10.1017/S0269888913000039
DOI: 10.1017/s0269888913000039
Metrics:
See at:
The Knowledge Engineering Review | The Knowledge Engineering Review | journals.cambridge.org | CNR ExploRA
2014
Journal article
Open Access
Decision tree building on multi-core using FastFlow
Aldinucci M., Ruggieri S., Torquati M.
The whole computer hardware industry embraced the multi-core. The extreme optimisation of sequential algorithms is then no longer sufficient to squeeze the real machine power, which can be only exploited via thread-level parallelism. Decision tree algorithms exhibit natural concurrency that makes them suitable to be parallelised. This paper presents an in-depth study of the parallelisation of an implementation of the C4.5 algorithm for multi-core architectures. We characterise elapsed time lower bounds for the forms of parallelisations adopted and achieve close to optimal performance. Our implementation is based on the FastFlow parallel programming environment, and it requires minimal changes to the original sequential code. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Source: Concurrency and computation 26 (2014): 800–820. doi:10.1002/cpe.3063
DOI: 10.1002/cpe.3063
Metrics:
Aldinucci M., Ruggieri S., Torquati M.
The whole computer hardware industry embraced the multi-core. The extreme optimisation of sequential algorithms is then no longer sufficient to squeeze the real machine power, which can be only exploited via thread-level parallelism. Decision tree algorithms exhibit natural concurrency that makes them suitable to be parallelised. This paper presents an in-depth study of the parallelisation of an implementation of the C4.5 algorithm for multi-core architectures. We characterise elapsed time lower bounds for the forms of parallelisations adopted and achieve close to optimal performance. Our implementation is based on the FastFlow parallel programming environment, and it requires minimal changes to the original sequential code. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Source: Concurrency and computation 26 (2014): 800–820. doi:10.1002/cpe.3063
DOI: 10.1002/cpe.3063
Metrics:
See at:
Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience | Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | CNR ExploRA
2013
Contribution to book
Restricted
Discrimination Data Analysis: A Multi-disciplinary Bibliography
Romei A., Ruggieri S.
Discrimination data analysis has been investigated for the last fifty years in a large body of social, legal, and economic studies. Recently, discrimination discovery and prevention has become a blooming research topic in the knowledge discovery community. This chapter provides a multi-disciplinary annotated bibliography of the literature on discrimination data analysis, with the intended objective to provide a common basis to researchers from a multi-disciplinary perspective. We cover legal, sociological, economic and computer science referencesSource: Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society, edited by Custers, Bart and Calders, Toon and Schermer, Bart and Zarsky, Tal, pp. 109–135, 2013
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_6
Metrics:
Romei A., Ruggieri S.
Discrimination data analysis has been investigated for the last fifty years in a large body of social, legal, and economic studies. Recently, discrimination discovery and prevention has become a blooming research topic in the knowledge discovery community. This chapter provides a multi-disciplinary annotated bibliography of the literature on discrimination data analysis, with the intended objective to provide a common basis to researchers from a multi-disciplinary perspective. We cover legal, sociological, economic and computer science referencesSource: Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society, edited by Custers, Bart and Calders, Toon and Schermer, Bart and Zarsky, Tal, pp. 109–135, 2013
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_6
Metrics:
See at:
doi.org | CNR ExploRA
2013
Journal article
Open Access
Discrimination discovery in scientific project evaluation: a case study
Romei A., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
Discovering contexts of unfair decisions in a dataset of historical decision records is a non-trivial problem. It requires the design of ad hoc methods and techniques of analysis, which have to comply with existing laws and with legal argumentations. While some data mining techniques have been adapted to the purpose, the state-of-the-art of research still needs both methodological refinements, the consolidation of a Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process, and, most of all, experimentation with real data. This paper contributes by presenting a case study on gender discrimination in a dataset of scientific research proposals, and by distilling from the case study a general discrimination discovery process. Gender bias in scientific research is a challenging problem, that has been tackled in the social sciences literature by means of statistical regression. However, this approach is limited to test an hypothesis of discrimination over the whole dataset under analysis. Our methodology couples data mining, for unveiling previously unknown contexts of possible discrimination, with statistical regression, for testing the significance of such contexts, thus obtaining the best of the two worlds. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Source: Expert systems with applications 40 (2013): 6064–6079. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.016
DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.016
Metrics:
Romei A., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
Discovering contexts of unfair decisions in a dataset of historical decision records is a non-trivial problem. It requires the design of ad hoc methods and techniques of analysis, which have to comply with existing laws and with legal argumentations. While some data mining techniques have been adapted to the purpose, the state-of-the-art of research still needs both methodological refinements, the consolidation of a Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process, and, most of all, experimentation with real data. This paper contributes by presenting a case study on gender discrimination in a dataset of scientific research proposals, and by distilling from the case study a general discrimination discovery process. Gender bias in scientific research is a challenging problem, that has been tackled in the social sciences literature by means of statistical regression. However, this approach is limited to test an hypothesis of discrimination over the whole dataset under analysis. Our methodology couples data mining, for unveiling previously unknown contexts of possible discrimination, with statistical regression, for testing the significance of such contexts, thus obtaining the best of the two worlds. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Source: Expert systems with applications 40 (2013): 6064–6079. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.016
DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.05.016
Metrics:
See at:
Expert Systems with Applications | Expert Systems with Applications | CNR ExploRA | www.sciencedirect.com
2013
Conference article
Open Access
Data anonimity meets non-discrimination
Ruggieri S.
We investigate the relation between t-closeness, a well-known model of data anonymization, and alpha-protection, a model of data discrimination. We show that t-closeness implies bd(t)-protection, for a bound function bd() depending on the discrimination measure at hand. This allows us to adapt an inference control method, the Mondrian multidimensional generalization technique, to the purpose of non-discrimination data protection. The parallel between the two analytical models raises intriguing issues on the interplay between data anonymization and nondiscrimination research in data mining.Source: ICDMW 2013 - IEEE 13th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, pp. 875–882, Dallas, Texas, USA, 7-10 December 2013
DOI: 10.1109/icdmw.2013.56
Metrics:
Ruggieri S.
We investigate the relation between t-closeness, a well-known model of data anonymization, and alpha-protection, a model of data discrimination. We show that t-closeness implies bd(t)-protection, for a bound function bd() depending on the discrimination measure at hand. This allows us to adapt an inference control method, the Mondrian multidimensional generalization technique, to the purpose of non-discrimination data protection. The parallel between the two analytical models raises intriguing issues on the interplay between data anonymization and nondiscrimination research in data mining.Source: ICDMW 2013 - IEEE 13th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, pp. 875–882, Dallas, Texas, USA, 7-10 December 2013
DOI: 10.1109/icdmw.2013.56
Metrics:
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2013
Conference article
Open Access
Learning from polyhedral sets
Ruggieri S.
Parameterized linear systems allow for modelling and reasoning over classes of polyhedra. Collections of squares, rectangles, polytopes, and so on, can readily be defined by means of linear systems with parameters. In this paper, we investigate the problem of learning a parameterized linear system whose class of polyhedra includes a given set of example polyhedral sets and it is minimal.Source: IJCAI 2013 - Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1069–1075, Beijing, China, 3-9 August 2013
Ruggieri S.
Parameterized linear systems allow for modelling and reasoning over classes of polyhedra. Collections of squares, rectangles, polytopes, and so on, can readily be defined by means of linear systems with parameters. In this paper, we investigate the problem of learning a parameterized linear system whose class of polyhedra includes a given set of example polyhedral sets and it is minimal.Source: IJCAI 2013 - Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1069–1075, Beijing, China, 3-9 August 2013
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2013
Contribution to book
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The discovery of discrimination
Pedreschi D., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
Discrimination discovery from data consists in the extraction of discriminatory situations and practices hidden in a large amount of historical decision records.We discuss the challenging problems in discrimination discovery, and present, in a unified form, a framework based on classification rules extraction and filtering on the basis of legally-grounded interestingness measures. The framework is implemented in the publicly available DCUBE tool. As a running example, we use a public dataset on credit scoring.Source: Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society. Data Mining and Profiling in Large Databases., edited by Bart Custers, Toon Calders, Bart Schermer, Tal Zarsky, pp. 91–108. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2013
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5
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Pedreschi D., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
Discrimination discovery from data consists in the extraction of discriminatory situations and practices hidden in a large amount of historical decision records.We discuss the challenging problems in discrimination discovery, and present, in a unified form, a framework based on classification rules extraction and filtering on the basis of legally-grounded interestingness measures. The framework is implemented in the publicly available DCUBE tool. As a running example, we use a public dataset on credit scoring.Source: Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society. Data Mining and Profiling in Large Databases., edited by Bart Custers, Toon Calders, Bart Schermer, Tal Zarsky, pp. 91–108. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2013
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30487-3_5
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2012
Journal article
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A complexity perspective on entailment of parameterized linear constraints
Eirinakis P., Ruggieri S., Subramani K., Wojciechowski P.
Extending linear constraints by admitting parameters allows for more abstract problem modeling and reasoning. A lot of focus has been given to conducting research that demonstrates the usefulness of parameterized linear constraints and implementing tools that utilize their modeling strength. However, there is no approach that considers basic theoretical tools related to such constraints that allow for reasoning over them. Hence, in this paper we introduce satisf iability with respect to polyhedral sets and entailment for the class of parameterized linear constraints. In order to study the computational complexities of these problems, we relate them to classes of quantified linear implications. The problem of satisfiability with respect to polyhedral sets is then shown to be co-NP hard. The entailment problem is also shown to be co-NP hard in its general form. Nevertheless, we characterize some subclasses for which this problem is in P. Furthermore, we examine a weakening and a strengthening extension of the entailment problem. The weak entailment problem is proved to be NP complete. On the other hand, the strong entailment problem is shown to be co-NP hard.Source: Constraints (Dordrecht. Online) 17 (2012): 461–487. doi:10.1007/s10601-012-9127-x
DOI: 10.1007/s10601-012-9127-x
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Eirinakis P., Ruggieri S., Subramani K., Wojciechowski P.
Extending linear constraints by admitting parameters allows for more abstract problem modeling and reasoning. A lot of focus has been given to conducting research that demonstrates the usefulness of parameterized linear constraints and implementing tools that utilize their modeling strength. However, there is no approach that considers basic theoretical tools related to such constraints that allow for reasoning over them. Hence, in this paper we introduce satisf iability with respect to polyhedral sets and entailment for the class of parameterized linear constraints. In order to study the computational complexities of these problems, we relate them to classes of quantified linear implications. The problem of satisfiability with respect to polyhedral sets is then shown to be co-NP hard. The entailment problem is also shown to be co-NP hard in its general form. Nevertheless, we characterize some subclasses for which this problem is in P. Furthermore, we examine a weakening and a strengthening extension of the entailment problem. The weak entailment problem is proved to be NP complete. On the other hand, the strong entailment problem is shown to be co-NP hard.Source: Constraints (Dordrecht. Online) 17 (2012): 461–487. doi:10.1007/s10601-012-9127-x
DOI: 10.1007/s10601-012-9127-x
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Constraints | link.springer.com | CNR ExploRA
2012
Conference article
Open Access
Discovering gender discrimination in project funding
Romei A., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
The selection of projects for funding can hide discriminatory decisions. We present a case study investigating gender discrimination in a dataset of scientific research proposals submitted to an Italian national call. The method for the analysis relies on a data mining classification strategy that is inspired by a legal methodology for proving evidence of social discrimination against protected-by-law groups.Source: IEEE, 12th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, ICDMW 2012., Brussels, Belgium, 10 December 2012
DOI: 10.1109/icdmw.2012.39
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Romei A., Ruggieri S., Turini F.
The selection of projects for funding can hide discriminatory decisions. We present a case study investigating gender discrimination in a dataset of scientific research proposals submitted to an Italian national call. The method for the analysis relies on a data mining classification strategy that is inspired by a legal methodology for proving evidence of social discrimination against protected-by-law groups.Source: IEEE, 12th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, ICDMW 2012., Brussels, Belgium, 10 December 2012
DOI: 10.1109/icdmw.2012.39
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2012
Conference article
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Computational complexities of inclusion queries over polyhedral sets
Eirinakis P., Ruggieri S., Subramani K., Wojciechowski P.
In this paper we discuss the computational complexities of procedures for inclusion queries over polyhedral sets. The polyhedral sets that we consider occur in a wide range of applications, ranging from logistics to program verification. The goal of our study is to establish boundaries between hard and easy problems in this context.Source: International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 9-11 January 2012
Eirinakis P., Ruggieri S., Subramani K., Wojciechowski P.
In this paper we discuss the computational complexities of procedures for inclusion queries over polyhedral sets. The polyhedral sets that we consider occur in a wide range of applications, ranging from logistics to program verification. The goal of our study is to establish boundaries between hard and easy problems in this context.Source: International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 9-11 January 2012
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