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2004 Journal article Restricted
On competence in CD grammar systems
Ter Beek M., Csuhaj-Varju E., Holzer M., Vaszil G.
We investigate the generative power of cooperating distributed grammar systems (CDGSs), if the cooperation protocol is based on the level of competence on the underlying sentential form. A component is said to be =k-competent (=k-competent, resp.) on a sentential form if it is able to rewrite exactly k (at most k, at least k, resp.) different nonterminals appearing in that string. In most cases CDGSs working according to the above described cooperation strategy turn out to give new characterizations of the language families based on random context conditions, namely random context (context-free) languages and the biologically motivated family of languages generated by ET0L systems with random context. Thus, the results presented in this paper can shed new light on some longstanding open problems in the theory of regulated rewriting.Source: Lecture notes in computer science 3340 (2004): 76–88.

See at: www.springerlink.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2004 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Teams of Pushdown Automata
Ter Beek M. H, Csuhaj-Varju E., Mitrana V.
We introduce team pushdown automata (PDAs) as a theoretical framework capable of modelling various communication and cooperation strategies in complex, distributed systems. Team PDAs are obtained by augmenting distributed PDAs with the notion of team cooperation or, alternatively, by augmenting team automata with pushdown memory. In a team PDA, several PDAs work as a team on the input word placed on a common one-way input tape. At any moment in time one team of PDAs, each with the same symbol on top of its stack, is active: each PDA in the active team replaces the topmost symbol of its stack and changes state, while the current input symbol is read from the input tape by a common reading head. The teams are formed according to the team cooperation strategy of the team PDA and may vary from one moment to the other. Based on the notion of competence, we introduce a variety of team cooperation strategies. If all stacks are empty when the input word has been completely read, then this word is part of the language accepted by the team PDA. Here we focus on the accepting capacity of team PDA.Source: International Journal of Computer Mathematics 81 (2004): 141–156. doi:10.1080/00207160310001650099
DOI: 10.1080/00207160310001650099
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-39866-0_32
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See at: International Journal of Computer Mathematics Open Access | doi.org Restricted | International Journal of Computer Mathematics Restricted | www.scopus.com Restricted | www.tandfonline.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2005 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Modularity for teams of I/O automata
Maurice H. Ter Beek, Jetty Kleijn
NoneSource: Information processing letters (Print) 95 (2005): 487–495. doi:10.1016/j.ipl.2005.05.012
DOI: 10.1016/j.ipl.2005.05.012
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See at: Information Processing Letters Open Access | Information Processing Letters Restricted | www.sciencedirect.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2005 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Synchronized shuffles
Maurice H. Ter Beek, Carlos Martín-Vide, Victor Mitrana
We extend the basic shuffle on words and languages, a well-known operation in theoretical computer science, by introducing three synchronized shuffles. These synchronized shuffles have some relevance to molecular biology since they may be viewed as the formal representations of various forms of gene linkage during genome shuffling. More precisely, each synchronized shuffle preserves the genetic backbone of the organisms, as well as the linked genes, by requiring the synchronization of some predefined genes while all other genes are arbitrarily shuffled. As for their mathematical properties, we prove that in a trio the closure under shuffle is equivalent to the closure under any of the synchronized shuffles studied here. Finally, based on this result, we present an algorithm for deciding whether a given regular language is synchronized shuffle closed.Source: Theoretical computer science 341 (2005): 263–275. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2005.04.007
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcs.2005.04.007
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See at: Theoretical Computer Science Open Access | www.sciencedirect.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2007 Journal article Open Access OPEN
Infinite unfair shuffles and associativity
Maurice H. Ter Beek, Jetty Kleijn
We consider a general shuffling operation for finite and infinite words which is not necessarily fair. This means that it may be the case that in a shuffle of two words, from some point onwards, one of these words prevails ad infinitum even though the other word still has letters to contribute. Prefixes and limits of shuffles are investigated, leading to a characterization of general shuffles in terms of shuffles of finite words, a result which does not hold for fair shuffles. Associativity of shuffling is an immediate corollary.Source: Theoretical computer science 380 (2007): 401–410. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2007.03.030
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcs.2007.03.030
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See at: Theoretical Computer Science Open Access | www.sciencedirect.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2007 Journal article Restricted
On Competence in CD Grammar Systems with Parallel Rewriting
Ter Beek M. H., Csuhaj-Varju E., Holzer M., Vaszil G.
We continue our investigation of the generative power of cooperating distributed grammar systems (CDGSs), using the previously introduced <=k-, =k-, and >=k-competence-based cooperation strategies and context-free components that rewrite the sentential form in a parallel manner. This leads to new characterizations of the languages generated by (random context) ET0L systems and recurrent programmed grammars.Source: International journal of foundations of computer science 18 (2007): 1425–1439. doi:10.1142/S0129054107005467
DOI: 10.1142/s0129054107005467
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See at: International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science Restricted | www.worldscinet.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2003 Conference article Closed Access
Team automata satisfying compositionality
Ter Beek M., Kleijn J.
A team automaton is said to satisfy compositionality if its behaviour can be described in terms of the behaviour of its constituting component automata. As an initial investigation of the conditions under which team automata satisfy compositionality, we study their computations and behaviour in relation to those of their constituting component automata. We show that the construction of team automata according to certain natural types of synchronization guarantees compositionality.Source: FME 2003: Formal methods. International Symposium of Formal Methods, pp. 381–400, Pisa, Italy, September 2003
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45236-2_22
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See at: doi.org Restricted | link.springer.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2003 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Teams of Pushdown Automata
Ter Beek M. H., Csuhaj-Varju E., Mitrana V.
We introduce team pushdown automata as a theoretical framework capable of modelling various communication and cooperation strategies in complex, distributed systems. Team pushdown automata are obtained by augmenting distributed pushdown automata with the notion of team cooperation or - alternatively - by augmenting team automata with pushdown memory. Here we study their accepting capacity.Source: 5th International Andrei Ershov Memorial Conference, PSI 2003 July 9-12, 2003, pp. 329–337, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, July 9-12, 2003
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-39866-0_32
DOI: 10.1080/00207160310001650099
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See at: International Journal of Computer Mathematics Open Access | doi.org Restricted | International Journal of Computer Mathematics Restricted | www.scopus.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2009 Journal article Restricted
Associativity of Infinite Synchronized Shuffles and Team Automata
Ter Beek M. H., Kleijn J.
Motivated by different ways to obtain team automata from synchronizing component automata, we consider various definitions of synchronized shuffles of words. A shuffle of two words is an interleaving of their symbol occurrences which preserves the original order of these occurrences within each of the two words. In a synchronized shuffle, however, also two occurrences of one symbol, each from a different word, may be identified as a single occurrence. In case at least one of the words involved is infinite, a (synchronized) shuffle can also be unfair in the sense that an infinite word may prevail from some point onwards even when the other word still has occurrences to contribute to the shuffle. We prove that for the synchronized shuffle operations under consideration, every (fair or unfair) synchronized shuffle can be obtained as a limit of synchronized shuffles of the finite prefixes of the words involved. In addition, it is shown that with the exception of one, all synchronized shuffle operations that we consider satisfy a natural notion of associativity, also in case of unfairness. Finally, using these results, some compositionality results for team automata are established.Source: Fundamenta informaticae 91 (2009): 437–461. doi:10.3233/FI-2009-0051
DOI: 10.3233/fi-2009-0051
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See at: Fundamenta Informaticae Restricted | iospress.metapress.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2009 Contribution to journal Restricted
Preface - Architecting Dependable Systems VI
De Lemos R., Fabre J., Gacek C., Gadducci F., Ter Beek M.
As software systems become increasingly ubiquitous, issues of dependability become ever more crucial. Given that solutions to these issues must be considered from the very beginning of the design process, it is reasonable that dependability and security are addressed at the architectural level. This book has originated from an effort to bring together the research communities of software architectures, dependability and security. This state-of-the-art survey contains expanded and peer-reviewed papers based on the carefully selected contributions to two workshops: the Workshop on Architecting Dependable Systems (WADS 2008), organized at the 2008 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2008), held in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, in June 2008, and the Third International Workshop on Views On Designing Complex Architectures (VODCA 2008) held in Bertinoro, Italy, in August 2008. It also contains invited papers written by recognized experts in the area. The 13 papers are organized in topical sections on dependable service-oriented architectures, fault-tolerance and system evaluation, and architecting security.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10248-6
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See at: www.springerlink.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2006 Journal article Unknown
A team automaton scenario for the analysis of security properties in communication protocols
Ter Beek M. H., Lenzini G., Petrocchi M.
Formal methods are a popular means to specify and verify security properties of a variety of communication protocols. In this article we take a step towards the use of team automata for the analysis of security aspects in such protocols. To this aim, we define an insecure communication scenario for team automata that is general enough to encompass various communication protocols. We then reformulate the Generalized Non-Deducibility on Compositions schema - originally introduced in the context of process algebrae - in terms of team automata. Based on the resulting team automata framework, we subsequently develop two analysis strategies that can be used to verify security properties of communication protocols. Indeed, the paper concludes with two case studies in which we show how our framework can be used to prove integrity and secrecy in two different settings: We show how integrity is guaranteed in a team automaton model of a particular instance of the Efficient Multi-chained Stream Signature protocol, a communication protocol for signing digital streams that provides some robustness against packet loss, and we show how secrecy is preserved when a member of a multicast group leaves the group in a particular run of the complementary variable approach to the N-Root/Leaf pairwise keys protocol.Source: 11 (2006): 345–374.

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2005 Conference article Open Access OPEN
Infinite Unfair Shuffles and Associativity
Ter Beek M., Kleijn J.
We consider a general shuffling operation for finite and infinite words which is not necessarily fair. This means that it may be the case that in a shuffle of two words, from some point onwards, one of these words prevails ad infinitum even though the other word still has letters to contribute. Prefixes and limits of shuffles are investigated, leading to a characterization of general shuffles in terms of shuffles of finite words, a result which does not hold for fair shuffles. Associativity of shuffling is an immediate corollary.Source: International Conference on Words (WORDS'05), pp. 129–146, Montreal, Canada, 13-17 September 2005

See at: lacim.uqam.ca Open Access | ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA


2008 Conference article Open Access OPEN
A Calculus for Team Automata
Ter Beek M. H., Gadducci F., Janssens D.
Team automata are a formalism for the component-based specification of reactive, distributed systems. Their main feature is a flexible technique for specifying coordination patterns among systems, thus extending I/O automata. Furthermore, for some patterns the language recognized by a team automaton can be specified via those languages recognized by its components. We introduce a process calculus tailored over team automata. Each automaton is described by a process, such that its associated (fragment of a) labeled transition system is bisimilar to the original automaton. The mapping is moreover denotational, since the operators defined on processes are in a bijective correspondence with a chosen family of coordination patterns and that correspondence is preserved by the mapping. We thus extend to team automata a few classical results on I/O automata and their representation by process calculi. Moreover, besides providing a language for expressing team automata, we widen the family of coordination patterns for which an equational characterization of the language associated to a composite automaton can be provided. The latter result is obtained by providing a set of axioms, in ACP-style, for capturing bisimilarity in our calculus.Source: Brazilian Symposium on Formal Methods (SBMF'06), pp. 41–55, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 17-23 Settembre 2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.entcs.2007.08.022
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See at: Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science Open Access | CNR ExploRA


2006 Contribution to conference Open Access OPEN
A calculus for team automata
Ter Beek M., Gadducci F., Janssens D.
eam automata are a formalism for the component-based specification of reactive, distributed systems. Their main feature is a flexible technique for specifying coordination patterns among systems, thus extending I/O automata. Furthermore, for some patterns the language recognized by a team automaton can be specified via those languages recognized by its components. We introduce a process calculus tailored over team automata. Each automaton is described by a process, and such that its associated (fragment of a) labeled transition system is bisimilar to the original automaton. The mapping is furthermore denotational, since the operators defined on processes are in a bijective correspondence with a chosen family of coordination patterns and that correspondence is preserved by the mapping. We thus extend to team automata a few classical results on I/O automata and their representation by process calculi. Moreover, besides providing a language for expressing team automata, we widen the family of coordination patterns for which an equational characterization of the language associated to a composite automaton can be provided. The latter result is obtained by providing a set of axioms, in ACP-style, for capturing bisimilarity in our calculus.Source: Brazilian Symposium on Formal Methods (SBMF'06), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Br, 17-23/09/2017

See at: fmt.isti.cnr.it Open Access | ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA


2007 Contribution to journal Restricted
Preface to Second international workshop on views on designing complex architectures
Ter Beek M. H., F. Gadducci
The second international workshop on Views On Designing Complex Architectures (VODCA 2006) was held in Bertinoro, Italy, on the 16th and 17th of September 2006, as a satellite event to the sixth international school on Foundations of Security Analysis and Design (FOSAD 2006). Security and management of information are key issues in informatics, and they have been for several years now among its fastest developing fields. Such a synergetic combination calls for a continuous attention of computer science researchers to the most recent developments in the area, in order to bring forth novel ideas and insights and thus to contribute to the growth of those fields. The VODCA workshop series aims to provide a platform for young computer scientists to present their research views on all areas related to the design of complex architectures, with a special focus on the security and management of information. A total of 20 papers were submitted and after a regular refereeing process only 13 of them were selected for a presentation. In addition to the presentations of original research results, the programme included 2 invited lectures. We believe that the most important result of any workshop should be the fostering and establishing of collaborations, as well as the sharing of techniques and their cross-fertilisation. These words sound truer for a workshop like VODCA: We hope that the meeting has helped its participants to focus on original 'views on the design of complex architectures,' especially as far as the security and management of information issues are concerned.

See at: www.sciencedirect.com Restricted | CNR ExploRA


2003 Report Open Access OPEN
Synchronized shuffles
Ter Beek M. H., Martin-Vide C., Mitrana V.
We introduce and investigate three synchronized shuffle operations on words and languages. We show how such operations come into play when proving compositionality of automata-based specification models, by demonstrating their usage in the context of team automata. As far as the mathematical properties of these operations are concerned, we prove that in a trio the closure under shuffle is equivalent to the closure under any of the synchronized shuffles studied in this paper. Finally, based on this result, we present an algorithm for deciding whether or not a given regular language is synchronized shuffle closed.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2003

See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA


2003 Report Open Access OPEN
Team automata satisfying compositionality
Ter Beek M. H., Kleijn J.
A team automaton is said to satisfy compositionality if its behaviour can be described in terms of the behaviour of its constituting component automata. As an initial investigation of the conditions under which team automata satisfy compositionality, we study their computations and behaviour in relation to those of their constituting component automata. We show that the construction of team automata according to certain natural types of synchronization guarantees compositionality.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2003

See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA


2005 Report Open Access OPEN
A calculus for team automata
Ter Beek M., Gadducci F., Janssens D.
Team automata are a formalism for the component-based specification of reactive, distributed systems. Their main feature is a flexible technique for specifying coordination patterns among distributed systems, extending classical I/O automata. Furthermore, for some of these patterns, the language recognised by a team automaton can be specified in terms of the languages recognised by its components. The present paper introduces a process calculus tailored over team automata. Each automaton is thus described by a process, in such a way that its associated (fragment of a) labelled transition system is bisimilar to the original automaton. Furthermore, the mapping is proved to be denotational, since the operators on processes are in a bijective correspondence with a chosen family of coordination patterns, and that correspondence is preserved by the mapping. The paper thus extends to team automata some classical results on I/O automata and their representation by process calculi. Moreover, besides providing a language for expressing team automata and their composition, we widen the family of coordination patterns for which an equational characterisation of the language associated to a composite automaton can be provided. The latter result is obtained by providing a set of axioms, in ACP-style, for capturing bisimilarity in our calculus.Source: ISTI Technical reports, 2005

See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA


2006 Contribution to conference Unknown
Preface. First International Workshop on Views on Designing Complex Architectures
Ter Beek M., Gadducci F.
Security and management of information are key issues in informatics, and are among its fast-developing fields. On the one hand, this calls for a continuous attention of the researchers to the most recent developments in these areas. On the other hand, it asks those same researchers to come up with novel ideas and insights, while designing their own views for the growth of these fields. The VODCA 2004 workshop aimed at providing a platform for young scientists to present their research views on all areas related to the design of complex architectures, with a special focus on the security and management of information. This volume contains the papers that were presented at the workshop. In total 18 papers were submitted and after a regular refereeing process 12 of them were selected for a presentation. In addition to the presentations of original research results, the programme included 3 invited lectures. We hope this workshop has helped its participants to establish new views on the design of complex architectures, especially in relation to the security and management of information in such architectures.

See at: CNR ExploRA


2004 Other Open Access OPEN
Modularity for Teams of I/O Automata
Ter Beek M. H., Kleijn J.
It is shown how Input/Output automata fit in the framework of team automata, thus making it possible to view certain notions and results regarding their modular structure as special instances of more general observations.

See at: ISTI Repository Open Access | CNR ExploRA